Music Lesson Note JSS1 Second Term
Music Lesson for Junior Secondary School – Edudelight.com
SCHEME OF WORK MUSIC
WEEK 1 – Revision /Practical
Week 2 – Musical notes, time value and Rest
Week 3 – Music writing (Rules and stem)
Week 4 – Ledger lines below and above the staff
Week 5 – Bar, bar line and double bar line
Week 6 – Accidental signs
Week 7 – Piano or keyboard (tones and semitones)
Week 8 – Construction of major scale, C and G major
Week 9 – Life and work of G.F Handel and Ayo Bankole
Week 10 – European/Western musical instrument
Week 11 – Revision/Examination
WEEK ONE
Revision Exercise
- The traditional instrument called “sekere’ belongs to the __________ family
- ________ is fixed at the beginning of the staff t know the letter-name of the staff
- The first line on the treble clef is ___________
- The height or depth of sound is known as _______________
- The membranophone instruments are bata drum, omele and _______
- The line immediately after space A on the treble clef is _________
- The musical _______ consists of five line and four spaces
- The musical/Italian term “piano” means ___________
- ________ line is short line written above or below the staff to accommodate extra note
- _________ is a property/quality of sound
WEEK TWO
Musical Notes, Time Value and Rest
What is musical note?
Musical notes are the symbols used to represent the length or duration of a musical sound. Notes of different shapes represent the length of a musical sound. There are eight different types of note in music.
Description of Notes
1. Breve – un-shaded note, shaped like an egg with short
Vertical lines both side
2. Semibreve – un-shaded note shaped like an egg.
3. Minim – un-shaded note with a stem. The stem can be written
Either (i) Upward to the right (ii) downward to the left
depending on the position of the note head.
4. Crotchet – shaded note with a stem
5. Quaver – shaded note with a stem and a hook/flag.
6. Semiquaver – shaded note with a stem and two hooks/flag.
7. Demisemiquaver – shaded note with a stem and three hooks/flag
8. Hemi-demisemiquaver – shaded note with a stem and four hooks/flag
Notes and Value
Note English name American name Value/Duration
| W | Breve | Double note | 8 beats / counts |
| w | Semibreve | Whole note | 4 beats/ counts |
| h | Minim | Half note | 2 beats/counts |
| q | Crotchet | Quarter note | 1 beat/count |
| ♪ | Quaver | Eight note | beat |
| x | Semiquaver | Sixteenth note | beat |
| Demisemiquaver | Thirty-second note | beat | |
| Hemi-demisemiquaver | Sixty-fourth note | beat |
NOTES AND REST
| NOTES | REST | DURATION |
| W | 8 beats / counts | |
| w | 4 beats/ counts | |
| h | 2 beats/counts | |
| q | Î | 1 beat/count |
| ♪ | ä | beat |
| x | Å | beat |
| ¨ | beat | |
| ô | beat |
WEEK THREE
MUSIC WRITING (RULES AND STEM)
There are few rules to follow while writing notes on the staff, some of these rules are discussed below.
- The note head – the stem – the flag or hook
THE NOTE HEAD: The note head is varying in shape and it can be open or shaded. Semibreve is the only note that uses open note head without a stem.
Example
An open or shaded note head is placed on the line or in the space where it is intended.
THE STEM: – This is a short vertical line connected to the note head, it may not be used with an open note head (as in the case of semibreve) but must be used with the black/shaded note head
Example:
THE FLAG:- The flag or hook is added to the stem of a shaded note head and they always appear on the right of the stem irrespective of whether the stem points up or down.
Example:-
1 flag 2 flags 3 flags
Rules about Writing Notes and Stem
♪ – Notes written above the middle of the stave have their stems downward to the left
♪ – Notes written below the middle line of the stave have their stem upwards to the right
♪- Notes written on the middle line of the stave may have their stem upwards to the right or downwards to the left.
♪- when two parts are written on the same staff, the higher part is written with the stems upwards and the lower part with stem downwards.
WEEK FOUR
LEDGER LINES
The ledger lines are short extra line place above or below the staff to accommodate extra notes. Most musical instruments and voices have more notes that can be shown on the five lines of the stave. These notes are written on small segment called ledger lines.
Ledger lines are found above and below the staves
Examples
______ ______
_____ ______ ______ ______
_____ ______ ______ ______
_____ ______
G A B C D G A B C D
______ ______
_____ ______ ______ ______
| . |
| . |
_____ ______ ______ ______
_____ ______
B C D E F B C D E F
In writing ledger lines:
- Ensure that notes are properly written on the appropriate line or space
- Do not add unnecessary ledger lines.
Exercises
Give the letter name of the following notes
WEEK FIVE
BAR LINE AND DOUBLE BAR LINE
Bar lines are short vertical line used to divide music into equal measure while
Double bar line is placed at the end of the music to signify the end a piece of music
Examples
/ / /
Bar line bar line double bar line
In writing music, bar lines and double bar lines are used.
Barring of an unbarred phrase
Phrase is
To add bar lines to any musical piece, the following points should be considered.
a. The time signature should be known and understood.
b. Each bar should contain the value of notes shown by the time signature.
c. check whether the musical phrase starts on a strong beat or weak beat.
Examples:
a. 4
4 h q q q q q q q ♪ ♪ q q w II
The phrase quoted above begins on a strong beat and that is easier to add the required bar lines
4
4 h q q I q q q q I q ♪ ♪ q q I w II
Exercises
Insert bar lines to the following phrase
4 q q q q h q q q e e q q w II
4 h q q q q q q e e e e q q h h II
WEEK SIX
ACCIDENTAL SIGNS
Accidental signs are sharp or flat signs which may be added to any note or notes within a piece of music.
Types of accidentals
There are three types of accidental signs commonly used in music
1. The Sharp sign a 2. The natural sign Ò 3. The flat sign {
The sharp sign: sharp sign raises the pitch of a note by a semitone or half-step. If you look at a keyboard instrument, you will observe that there are black and white keys. The black keys on the piano, organ or any other keyboard instrument take their name from the white keys. Therefore, the black key which is directly above C for example is C sharp.
Examples:
F F sharp C c sharp
The flat sign: It lowers the pitch of a basic note by a semitone. When you move from right to left on the keyboard, you are lowering a note or going down steps. In music, lowering a note a semitone is called flattening and is represented by the sign b.
Examples:
A A flat E E flat
The natural sign: this sign cancels or restores a note previously sharpened or flattened to its original pitch. If within the same bar in which a note was raised or lowered one semitone and the original note is intended, then a natural sign must be used for such a note.
Examples:
F sharp F natural D sharp D natural
Notes:
An accidental sign that is added to a note on a space or line for example, is valid for a note of the same pitch in the same bar.
Exercises:
Identify the following accidental notes
WEEK SEVEN
THE PIANO KEYBOARD (TONES AND SEMITONES)
The keyboard of a piano or organ is the whole row of black and white keys on which the fingers are placed in playing
The white keys are named after the seven letters of the English alphabets. When we play from left to right, on the key board we are GOING UP in pitch. As we play from right to left the notes becomes lower.
The black keys of the piano and organ are in groups of TWOs and THREEs. The white key on the left of two black keys is C. between the two black keys is D. to the right of two black keys is E. The white key on the left of the three black keys is F. G and A are inside, and B is on the right side of three black keys.
Every note on the treble and bass staves and also the ledger lines has a corresponding key on the keyboard:
C D E F G A B C D E F G A B C
A SEMITONE is the distance between any note and the very next note up or down from it.
A TONE is the distance of two semitones up or down from any given note. When moving a TONE, you must skip a black key or a white key.
Examples:
- B to C is Semitone
- C to D is Tone
- G to (black key on the right of G) is Semitone
- G to (black key on the left of G) is Semitone
WEEK EIGHT
CONSTRUCTION OF MAJOR SCALE ( C & G MAJOR)
Major scale can be defined as series of eight notes arranged in alphabetical order, ascending or descending from any note to its octave.
For example:
A B C D E F G A B C D E
1 ______________________________________
2 _____________________________________
3 ______________________________________
4 ______________________________________
5 ______________________________________
From above illustration, you will notice that scale 1 begins from A and ends with A, scale 2 from B and ends with B, scale 3 from C and ends with C and so on. You will also observe that each of them consists of eight notes arranged serially in alphabetical order.
If we start from the middle C on the piano and play successively the white keys to the right, we have C D E F G A B C Determine that these notes produce the familiar tonic-solfa: d r m f s l t d. these series of white keys to from C to the next C is scale.
Types of scale
There are two broad categories of scale:
The DIATONIC AND CHROMATIC SCALE
Diatonic scale: Diatonic scale consists of a mixture of tones and semitones. To form a diatonic scale, all the seven basic notes must be present in alphabetical order plus the octave duplication of starting note.
In all the basic scale, semitones normally occur between E and F and between B and C. also occur between the 3rd and 4th and 7th and 8th. All other adjacent notes are tones apart.
Chromatic scale: the chromatic scale moves in semitones apart.
Scale chart
Diatonic Scale chromatic Scale
Major scale minor Scale
Melodic minor
Harmonic minor
Natural minor
In constructing the major scale, the principle of Tones and semitones must be used.
Which is Tone, Tone, Semitone, Tone, Tone, Tone, Semitone. (T, T, S, T, T, T, S.)
C major scale
C D E F G A B C
T T S T T T S
G major Scale
G A B C D E F# G
T T S T T T S
Exercise:
Construct D and A major scale both ascending and descending order
WEEK NINE
LIFE AND WORKS OF G.F HANDEL AND AYO BANKOLE
George Fredrick Handel.
George Fredrick Handel was born in Halle, Germany, near Berlin in 1685, the same year thatJohann Sebastian Bach was born. He was one month older than Bach. His Father was a prosperous Barber-Surgeon. Unlike Bach, he was not from a musical family.
His father wanted him to study law, but by age 9, his outstanding musical ability had manifested that he was allowed to study with a local organist and composer.
By 11, he could compose and was able to give musical lessons to some. At 18, he had finished reading law in the university, and he could speak German, French and Italian.
At the age of 21, he successfully produced his first Opera Almira. he composed a number of brilliant operas for outstanding sopranos and castrati (male singings and soprano voices)
His music
Handel wrote a great deal of instrumental music suite, organ concertos.
Vocal Church Music: Israel in Egypt, Samson, Juda Maccabeus, The king shall rejoice, and the messiah which is the most popular one
Orchestral Work: Water music and fire work music
AYO BANKOLE
Ayo Bankole, a Nigerian, was born in 1935 and received his earliest musical education in Logos. Before going abroad to study in 1957, he was already active as an organist in Lagos churches.
Bankole Studied music at Guildhall school of music, London, at Cambridge University, and also at the University of California. Los Angeles. While at Cambridge, he was an organ scholar of Clare College. He holds an M.A. (Cantab) and is a Fellow of the Royal College of Organists.
Upon his return to Nigeria, Bankole was appointed a Senior Program Assistant (Music) in the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation; lie is at present a Senior Lecturer in Music at the University of Lagos.
A prolific composer, Bankole has produced numerous works for a variety of media, in many of which are reflected elements of his indigenous culture.
His Music
His major works/music include Christmas Oratorio, Requiem, and an opera night of Miracles
- Three-part songs for female choir
- Christmas for piano
- The Lord is my shepherd for female voice and organ
- A night of Miracle
- Ojo maro
WEEK TEN
EUROPEAN OR WESTERN MUSICAL INSTRUMENT
Western musical instruments are the musical instruments made from the European countries. They are grouped into four families;
- String (ii) woodwind (iii) Brass and (iv) Percussion
(I) Strings instruments/families: These are the instruments in which sound is produced with the aid of strings. Strings instruments are divided into three groups: Bowed instruments, Plucked instruments and Hammered instrument.
- Bowed instruments:- include Violin, Viola, Cello and double bass
- Plucked instruments:- include Harp, Guitar, Zither, Lute, Harpsichord, Lyre, Banjo
- Hammered instruments:- include Piano.
(II) Woodwind instruments: These are instruments in which the sound is produced by blowing air into a tube directly by player or indirectly by bellow.
These include Flute, Piccolo, Oboe, English horn, Clarinet, Bassoon, Recorder, and Saxophone.
(III) Brass instruments: They are equally blown instruments but the sounds are controlled by valves or slide and also by the shape of performers’ mouth, it include Horn, Trumpet, Cornet, Trombone, Tuba, Bugle, and Euphonium.
(IV) Percussion instruments: These are the instrument in which sounds are produced by being either struck or shaken the hand or stick.
Percussion instruments are divided into two groups
- Definite Percussion instruments:- include xylophone, Glockenspiel Marimba, Timpani(kettle drum) and Vibraphone.
- Indefinite Percussion instruments:- include Cymbals, Rattles, Drum, Maracas, Tambourine, Side drum, Bongo, Triangle, Bells, tom-tom, Castanet, all these give out sound without particular note.
GOOD