Social Studies Lesson Note JSS3 (Basic 9) Second Term

Social Studies Topics for Junior High School (Basic 9) – Edudelight.com lesson note

SECOND TERM SCHEME OF WORK FOR JSS3

SOCIAL STUDIES

WEEKS	TOPICS
1	Revision
2	Conflict
3	Population Census
4	Self Esteem
5	National Economy
6	Sectors of the Nigeria Economy
7	Self Esteem
8	Economic reform measure in Nigeria I
9.	Economic reform measure in Nigeria II
10	Economic Institution
11	REVISION
12	EXAMINATION

WEEK TWO

TOPIC: CONFLICTS

Conflict is defined as a misunderstanding or disagreement between two or more people conflict can occur between families, communities and nations.

Nigeria as a nation has witnessed or experience a lot of conflict. For example

• The civil war between 1967 and 1970
• Students not starting from Ali must go
• Inter – tribal wars – ife – Modakeke war
• Religious riot and wars particularly in northern part of the country (Kano, Kaduna, Plateau, Bauchi, Maduguri) and issue of Boko – Haram
• Workers strikes and protest e.g. the judiciary and the health officers strikes
• Electoral protect leading to burning of valuable properties and destruction of lives.

Causes of Conflict

• Selfishness or Self centredness
• Lack of cooperation
• Bad leadership/leader’s inability to perform his functions well
• Religion intolerance
• Communication gap between two people or nations
• Laziness and inefficiency
• Increase in crime rate or came act among people.

Effects of Conflicts

• It leads to lost of lives and properties
• There will be insecurity writing the area where there is war
• Breakdown of law and order
• It hinders the progress of the society

CONFLICTS RESOLUTION

• Dialogue
• By low court
• Police
• Government intervention
• War
• Village heads

1. DIALOGUE: This is a medium by which the two opposition parties came together to settle the conflict.

2. POLICE: Misunderstanding between individual in community can be reported to the police for their immediate intervention. Minor issue on dispute within the families had been settled by police in the past.

3. GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION: In an area where there is communal clashes, government can set up a special panel or body to settle the dispute.

4. LAW COURT: Conflicts can be settled through legal way or by court. The parties will involves their lawyers to argue.

5. VILLAGE HEAD: This is regarded as an old method of settling conflict within a society. The parties and come term on who is at fault.

6. WAR: This is the last solution to any conflict when all effort failed.

Social Studies Topics for Junior High School (Basic 9) – Edudelight.com lesson note

WEEK THREE

 POPULATION CENSUS

Population census can be defined as the head count of people living in a geographical area over a period of time. The exercise is called out particularly usually 10 years interval.

Importance of Population Census

• It is to assist government for proper planning
• It helps to determine the population size of a country
• It helps in distribution of the nation’s resources
• It helps in dividing the country into consistuencies
• It is used to determine revenue
• It is used to determine the standard of living
• It helps to determine the aid to be given by international organisation.

Problems of Population Census

• Inflation of figures from the census resorts or data collected
• High rate of illiteracy
• Shortage of trade personnel of people for population census exercise
• Customs and superstitions
• High cost of money for census exercise
• Inability to gain an access to some part or state in the country

WEEK FOUR

 SELF – ESTEEM

Self – esteem is the judgement a person makes about himself/herself. It can also be referred to as the recognition of one’s qualities and abilities including values, goals, talents, worths, physical makeup and purpose in life. Self – esteem can be likened to self-respect.

TYPES OF SELF – ESTEEM

There are two types of self – esteem

• High self – esteem
• Low self – esteem

HIGH SELF – ESTEEM: This is an individual that can recognise his or her own strength and skill and can accept and acknowledge successes and achievements. An individual with high self – esteem responds confidently to challenges and problems, then practices positive thinking.

Characteristics of High – Self Esteem

1. It involves believing in one self and having self confidence

2. High self – esteem makes a person to accept his weakness and strength

3. The person will respect and live himself and others

4. Making one’s decision based in what one feels is right not what a friend may suggest is another characteristic.

5. The ability to make decisions to face challenges and cope with them

LOW SELF – ESTEEM: This is when a person experiences feelings of worthlessness, inadequacy, helplessness, inferiority and a sense of being unable to improve his/her situation.

Characteristics of Low – Self Esteem

• Lack of self confidence
• Inability to express one’s feeling and opinions in the public.
• Inability to accept oneself
• Have no respect or liking oneself
• They feel disliked or unwanted
• Always wanting to please others
• Always wishing to be like others.

HOW TO IMPROVE SELF – ESTEEM

• Accept yourself as you are
• Identify your strength and weakness
• Identify your values and behave according to them
• Set realistic goals
• Develop your abilities and be proud of them
• Select realistic role models
• Cultivate positive relationship
• Be pleased with whom you are ‘
• Accept  compliments

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCES SELF – ESTEEM

• Family
• The society
• Gender
• Mass media
• Religious organisation
• The economic background
• Individual achievement

FAMILY: as primary agent of socialization affects the self – esteem of members

SOCIETY: the norms of the society and when we fit in affect our self – esteem

GENDER: roles as defined by culture or law affect our self – esteem

MASS MEDIA: it is a powerful factors that affects and shape one’s self esteem

RELIGIOUS ORGANISATION: they teach one self

The Economic Background or social class a person belongs to affect his self – esteem

Individual achievement is another factor that affect self – esteem

Social Studies Topics for Junior High School (Basic 9) – Edudelight.com lesson note

WEEK FIVE

TOPIC: NATIONAL ECONOMY

National Economy can be defined as a nations financial resources and its financial managements with a view towards its production. It consist of economic agencies that takes part in production, exchange, distribution and consumption.

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

Examples of economic activities as trade.

Trading: it is an act of buying and selling of goods and services

Trade can be divided into two            (i) Home trade             (ii) Foreign trade

     TRADE

Home Trade                                                                                                Foreign Trade

Wholesale trade    Retail trade            

Import                                      Export 

Home Trade: This is the trade which operates within a country. It can also be referred to as internal trade. This trade can be practised into two ways which are (i) Wholesales trade and (ii) Retail trade.

Wholesale Trade: This involves buying of goods in large quantities from the produces and sell directly to the retailers or consumers.

The wholesaler is a trader that buys goods and sell out in large quantities.

FUNCTIONS OF WHOLESALER

• He finance the producers
• Re – brands the goods
• Speeds up production process
• Assists the producers in advertising their products
• He also give information to the producers about the market
• He borrow retailers money
• He gives goods or credits to retailers.

RETAIL TRADE

This is the type of trade that involves sales of goods in small quantity.  Retailer is a trader that buys goods in smaller quantity from the wholesaler and sells it in bits to the final consumer.

FUNCTIONS OF A RETAILER

• He sells in bits to the final consumer
• He proves information about the market to the wholesaler
• The retailer is a link between the wholesaler and consumer
• He provides after sale services
• He gives credit facilities to the trusted consumer.

FOREIGN TRADE: This can be referred to as the trade across border. It is the trade between nations. E.g. Trade between Nigeria and United State of America (USA), Nigeria and Europe. Foreign trade can be divided into two.

• Import trade
• Export trade

IMPORT TRADE: It is the trade that involves movement of goods from one country into another. E.g. movement of electronics from Japan to Nigeria.

EXPORT TRADE: This is the movement of goods produced in the country to the other country that lacks the product of goods. e.g. The movement of cocoa, coffee to other part of country (USA, France Etc.)

Importance of Foreign Trade

• It provides employment opportunity for people
• It makes goods available in those area/country that doesn’t produce that kind of goods
• It improves people skilfulness
• It promotes peace and unity among nations
• It encourages economy development
• It gives room for a close relationship of nations
• It increase the standard of people.

Problems Of Foreign Trade

• Language Barrier
• Currency problem of difference
• The policies of government in different countries
• Document accusation problem
• Impossition of tarrif

Solution to the problem of international Trade

• Political stability
• There should be reduction in tarrifs
• The currency exchange rate should be regulated
• Transport network should be improved
• Loan should be granted to facilities trade
• Government policies should encourage foreign trade
• Production of goods and services should be increased
• Countrys should sign treaties and peace accord/agreement.

Social Studies Topics for Junior High School (Basic 9) – Edudelight.com lesson note

WEEK SIX

TOPIC: SECTORS OF THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY

The sectors can be divided into three segment

• Primary sector
• Secondary sector
• Tertiary sector

a. Primary Sector: This include farming, fishing, forestry and mining

AGRICULTURE

Agriculture can be simply referred to as the production of plants and animals for man’s consumption and industrial use. It is the oldest form of human activity in Nigeria.

It is from agricultural products that the people of Nigeria are fed, clothed and sheltered. Agriculture was the main stay of Nigeria economy before the discovery of crude on in large quantities in the 1960s. government has implanted various programmes to increase food production in the country. In 1978, Geneal Olusegun Obasanjo imtroduced operation feedthe nation. President Sheu Shagari introduced green revolution. In 1981, Muhammed Buhari introduced back to Land 1984.

Importance of Agriculture

• Provision of food e.g. yam, cocoyam, rice, beans etc.
• Source of raw material
• Provision of employment opportunity
• Source of foreign exchange
• Provision of materials for clothing
• Source of income to farmers
• It leads to development of towns and cities
• Sources of earing revenue for government
• It can be used for research purposes

Problems of Agriculture

• Inadequate finance or credit facilities
• Use of crude implement
• Problem of pest and disease
• Poor transportation network
• Look of storage facilities
• Lack of extension workers
• Inconsistence government policy
• Inadequate agricultural education and extension
• Inadequate tools and machinery
• Lack of youth interest in Agriculture
• Land tenure system

Solution of Agriculture

• Government support
• Adequate finance or capital
• Good transportation network
• Availability of storage facilities
• Presence of modern tools and implement
• People should be educated to agricultural activities
• Youths should be encouraged by giving them fund to contribute to Agricultural practices.

WEEK SEVEN

TOPIC: MINERAL RESOURCES

Mineral and natural resources which occurs in the earth’s crust. They are grouped into three part which are:

• Mineral fuel: such as petroleum, coal and natural gas
• Ferrous and non – ferrous metals which include iron, copper, tin, lead etc.
• Other industrial metals such as gold, mercury, silver, diamond etc.

MINERAL FUEL

a. PETROLEUM: Petroleum or crude oil is the greatest income yielding mineral in Nigeria. Petroleum and natural gas was first discovered in Nigeria. Petroleum and natural gas was first discovered in Nigeria as far as 1956 by some companies like shell and mobile exploration Nigeria incorporated the first large deposits of Nigerian.

Petroleum and natural gas were discovered at olobrii in Rivers state where petroleum is found include Rivers, Ondo, Delta, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Imo, Cross Rivers states. These states are called Niger Delta.

Natural gas is found along side petroleum and it is used primarily for power and energy generation and for domestic and industrial uses.

Petrol from petroleum is used as fuel for vehicles while natural gas is for cooking.

b. COAL: Coal is a hard mineral substance that supplies heat from which coal gas is made. Coal is formed out of decomposed plants matter. Coal is mined at ildi near Enugu, Kabba in Kogi state. It is used to generate power in industries. Coal was first consumed locally by the Nigeria railway corporation.

c. FERROUS AND NON – FERROUS METALS: These include iron, copper, tin, lead, zinc and limestone.

Iron: Iron as found in Lokaja and Enugu. Iron is very important is Nigeria because it serves the iron and steel industries. Iron are used for the production of iron rods, cutlasses, axes and different sizes of rods for construction of houses and bridges. The major iron and special industries in Nigeria are located at Abeokuta, in Kogi state and Alaga in Delta state.

Limestone: it is an all ealine  substance used in the production of cement. It is found near Nkalagu Okpella, Calabar, Abeokuta – Ewekoro, Sagamu and some part of Sokoto. Cement is very useful in building and construction.

Tin Ore: it is as mained in Jos – Plateau state where it is found as a heavy black lump. A sample of tin was first discovered in 1902.

Tin is used for making metal container. It can also be used for production of alloys, mixing it with such other metals like lead, copper etc.

Zinc: It is a blush hard metal extracted from the ore zinc is found around Abakaliki in Ebonyi state, USA and Austrailla. Zinc is of economic importance because of it is used for rooting and also for making alloys.

ENERGY RESOURCES

Energy resources are used to provide power such as hydro – electric power, coal power, oil power etc.

a. Hydro – electric – Electricity generated from water is called hydro – electricity. Most hydro-electric power. Stations are built where a large river running along a valley can be blocked by a dam. The water is allowed to pass through the dam at very high speed. The force that is produced is chorelled into turbines which are powered to generate electricity. The electricity is carried out by the help of transformers and used as source of energy. There are many dams where hydro-electric power is generated e.g. Kanji Dam in Nigeria on River Niger. Volta dam on the River Volta in Ghana.

Social Studies Topics for Junior High School (Basic 9) – Edudelight.com lesson note

WEEK EIGHT

TOPIC: ECONOMIC REFORM MEASURES I

COAL POWER

Coal under domestic use can generate energy in the form of heat and light which are used for cooking. Greater quantity of coal can be used to generate more heat energy to convert water into steam power in order to produce electricity e.g. the Orji river power station uses. Coal for the generation of its electrical energy.

SOLAR POWER: This is the energy from the sun. it is used to dry wet things such as clothes and agricultural products like cocoa, beans.

WIND POWER: This is one of the earliest form of energy used by man. This is used to drive windmills. It is also for irrigation purpose and the lifting of water out of deep wells to provide fresh water for cattle.

NUCLEAR POWER: This a new source of energy which is only popular is developed countries such as the USA, Russia etc. It is produced by splitting Uranoum of hydrogen to release energy.

Thermal Power Stations: Another major source of electricity generation in Nigeria is through termal energy. These are giant generator which are fuelled by coal, natural gas or petroleum.

Thermal power                  State found             Types of fuel used

1. Afam IV                               Rivers                                      Gas

2. Egbin                                   Lagos                                       Gas

3. Ijora                                     Lagos                                  Petroleum

4. Orji                                      Anambra                                 Coal

5. Sapele/Ugheli                     Delta                                        Gas

WEEK NINE

TOPIC: ECONOMIC REFORM MEASURES II

MANUFACTURING

It may be described as the transformation of raw materials such as agricultural, mineral, water and forest resources into arbcles or commodities for trade or human consumption. Manufacturing is imply the polices of turning raw materials into new products by using mechanical chemical processes.

Classification of Manufacturing Industries: Manufacturing industries in Nigeria can be grouped into three main categories:

1. LIGHT INDUSTRIES: Light industries are common in tropical African countries such as Nigeria, Ghana etc.

Factors Affecting Location Of Industries

• The availability of raw materials at a particular place e.g. limestone at Ewekoro is used in the production of cement at Ewekoro.
• Industries tends to develop where there are people to buy the products.
• Transport inform of roads or railway to move the finished products to the market and raw materials to the industries is very important.
• There should be adequate supply of skilled men power and other categories of labour

Problems facing Industries in Nigeria

• There is lack of capital needed to establish and maintain industires
• Skilled workers are skill limited in supply. Experts are still being brough in from developed countries for highly technical operations.
• Majority of the industries relies on imported raw materials which is often not regularly supplied.
• There is adequate and inefficient infrastructural facilities such as electricities, good roads, telephone etc.

importance of Manufacturing In Nigeria

• It provides employment to the citizens
• Provides essentials goods needed
• Saves foreign exchange that would have been wasted on importation of foreign goods.

Economic reforms are policies initiated or introduced by the government to increase economic efficiency and rapid development.

Reasons for Economic Reform

• To increase economic development
• To increase private sectors participation in the economy
• To make economic sectors efficient
• In order to attract foreign investors
• To reduce government financial burden
• To get rid of government involvement in some aspect of the economy

Government Economy Reforms

The following are government economic reforms

• Privatisation
• Commercialization
• Deregulation

PRIVATISATION: This is referred to the sole government owned firms to private individuals. It could be portal or total.

Benefits of Privatisation

• It promotes competition
• It brings efficiencies
• It brings about innovations
• Through supervision
• Increase profits
• Job opportunities
• Changes workers attitude to work
• Bring about new innovation

Social Studies Topics for Junior High School (Basic 9) – Edudelight.com lesson note

WEEK TEN

TOPIC: ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS

Meaning of Economic Institution: An economic institutions is an agency which engages in the process of production, distribution and consumption of goods and services in the society.

Economic institutions include, the Nigerian Stock Exchange, the Central Bank, Insurance companies etc.

TYPES OF ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS

1. Banking Institutions: Banking institutions are economic institutions that render money and financial services to people and corporate organizations in the society. The banking institution include commercial banks, central bank of Nigeria, development banks etc.

2. Commercial Bank: Commercial banks are financial institutions that keep money and other valuables for individuals and firms in the society. They are established by individuals for the purpose of making profit. Examples are First bank, Zenith bank, Skye bank, UBA, GT Bank and many more others.

FUNCTIONS OF COMMERCIAL BANK

1. They keep money and other valuables; the primary function of commercial banks is safe-keeping of money. They equally keep jewelries and documents for their customers.

2. They lend money to customers: Banks lend money in form of loans or overdraft. Only customers operating current accounts have access to major loans and overdrafts.

3. They act as Agents of Payment: Commercial banks make payments on behalf of their customers. Such payments could be electricity bill, telephone bill or any other regular payments which the customer has given them a standing order to pay.

4. Financial Advice: Banks give financial advice to their customers on any business proposal. They are times carry out feasibility studies to ascertain the level of profitability of the business.

5. They provide foreign exchange services: Banks buy and sell foreign exchange (currencies) for their customers.

6. They help government is executing its Monetary policy: The central bank through commercial banks execute government major monetary policies.

THE CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA (CBN)

 The central bank is a financial institution owned, control and used by government to control all other banks in the society. The Central Bank of Nigeria started operation in 1959.

FUNCTIONS OF CENTRAL BANK

1. It act as Government Bank: The central bank keeps the internal and international accounts of the federal government of Nigeria. As individuals bank with commercial banks so does the government bank with Central Bank.

2. It acts as Bankers’ Bank: All other banks in Nigeria keep account with the CBN like individuals keep account with them.

3. It lends Money to other Banks: Whenever commercial banks need loan, the central bank lends them at a particular rate called bank rate.

4. It issues our Currency: The central banks is the only government agent that has right to issue any Nigerian currency to the public.

5. Executes Monetary Policy: The Central bank through the commercial banks helps in executing government monetary policies.

6. Financial Adviser to the Government: The CBN through its experts advises the government and financial institutions on issues relating to Nigerian economyparticularly on financial matters.

INSURANCE COMPANIES

An insurance company is an economic or financial institution that protects business against risks and losses.

Under contract of insurance the insurance company (the insurer) promises to indemnify (compensate) the insured (individuals or companies buying insurance services) against losses upon the payment of premium. Premium is the price paid by an individual to an insurance company to insure his goods.

Examples of insurance companies in Nigeria are AIICO Insurance, Gold link insurance, NICON, Royal Exchange Assurance, Cornerstone insurance, industrial and General insurance (IGI) and many others.

TYPES OF INSURANCE

1. Motor Vehicle Insurance: This covers damages, losses or accidents that involve vehicles. The commonest form is Third Party Motor Insurance. Another type is comprehensive motor insurance.

2. Burglary and Theft: This covers losses arising from stolen goods and damages through theft and burglary.

3. Fire Insurance: Thus covers risks or losses arising from fire incidents.

4. Goods – in – transit: This covers losses arising from transportation of goods between warehouse and the point of destination.

5. Fidelity Guarantee Insurance: This is insurance taken by an employer against any fraud arising from his employees.

6. Life Assurance: This is special insurance. It is normally called assurance because death is very possible. Life assurance policy is taken by an individual with a certain sum of money payable to the family of the assured in case of death.

7. Employer’s Liability Insurance: This is taken on behalf of the employee by the employer to cover him against injury, diseases, industrial accident leading to partial or total disability in course of discharging his duty to his employee.

8. Consequential Loss Insurance: This covers loss of profit due to fire accident or any other accident that disrupt business or production over a period of time.

9. Marine Insurance: This covers ships and cargoes against all risk arising from water transport.

10. Aviation Insurance: This covers all risks involving aircraft either the passengers or the cargoes.

ROLE OF INSRUANCE COMPANIES

• They encourage savings
• They help in reducing risks
• They provide funds needed for investment
• They help in supporting international trade
• They give opportunity to provide for old age, and sudden death
• They help employers to provide means of motivating their workers
• They provide collateral security
• The Nigerian deposit insurance corporation (NDIC)

FUNCTIONS OF NIGERIAN DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION (NDIC)

• Promotes safe and sound banking system
• Protects depositor’s interest
• Promotes good banking habit in Nigeria
• It conducts periodic examination of bank records and banks activities
• It regulates, supervises and advises insured banks.

THE NIGERIAN STOCK EXCHANGE (NSE)

The Nigerian Stock Exchange is a financial institution which provides market for the buying and selling of securities

It used to be known as Lagos Stock Exchange when it was established in 1960 but became Nigerian stock exchange in 1977 due to the spread of its operations to other parts of Nigeria.

Presently, the Nigeria Stock Exchange has branches in Port-Harcourt, Ibadan, Kaduna, Kano, Onitsha and Abuja and its headquarters is in Lagos.

TYPES OF SECURITIES

Security is a general term used for investment which are traded (brought and sole) on the floor of the stock exchange for profit purposes.

1. Shares: A share is a unit of a company’s capital owned by an individual called a shareholder.

2. Stocks: A stock can be described as bundle of shares transferable in smaller amounts

3. Bonds: A bond is a security issued by government. It usually carries a fixed rate of interest.

4. Debenture: A debenture is a form of loan from individuals to companies. Technically, it refers to a certificate of indebtedness.

5. Gift-edged: This is a form of security issued by the government to raise funds for its projects.

FUNCTIONS OF THE STOCK EXCHANGE

• Provides revenue for raising capital
• Helps in transfer of shares
• Makes sale of old securities possible
• Monitors the activities of quoted companies
• Provides investors with relevant information
• Provides employment opportunities

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION (SEC)

The Securities and Exchange Commission is a financial institution which oversees the activities of the stock exchange, all public limited liability companies and other businesses involving foreigners.

Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) was established in 1979. It was created to replace the Capital issue commission formed by Federal Government in 1973.

FUNCTIONS OF SEC

• Determination of securities prices
• Promotes development of capital market
• Monitors the stock exchange
• Registration of key player at stock exchange
• Determines how securities are allotted