History Lesson Notes JSS2(Basic 8) Third Term

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GEOGRAPHICAL ENVIRONMENT

HISTORY SCHEME OF WORK JSS TWO THIRD TERM

GEOGRAPHICAL ENVIRONMENT

Weeks 1 – 4: Ghana Empire

1. Location of Ghana Empire on the map of Africa

2. Socio-political structure of Ghana Empire

3. Factors that led to the rise of Ghana Empire.

4. Factors the led to the fall of Ghana Empire.

Weeks 5 – 7: Mali Empire

1. Location of Mali Empire on the map of Africa

 2. Socio-political structure of Mali Empire.

 3.  Factors that led to the rise of Mali Empire.

 4. Factors that led to the fall of Mali Empire.

Weeks 8 – 10: Songhai Empire

1. Location of Songhai Empire on the map of Africa

2. Socio-political structure of Songhai Empire

 3. Factors the led to the rise of Songhai Empire

 4. Factors that led to the fall of Songhai Empire.

Weeks 11 – 12: Songhai Empire

Revision and Examination

WEEK 1-4

TOPIC; GHANA EMPIRE

EARLY HISTORY OF GHANA EMPIRE

Ghana empire was one of the earliest known negro empires recorded by historians, it was first mention by an Arab geographer, Al-fazari, in Ad773 in his book Al-masudi, where he referred to it as a land of gold.

According to Al-bakri an Arab traveler in his writing in AD 1067,reveals that the name; Ghana was the title of the Soninke king called Auokar which means ;war chief,

It was not certain how and when Ghana was founded, but from Arab sources, particularly the Tariskh al Sudan, it appears to have been founded by a Soninke dynasty between AD 300-400.

Early history of Ghana empire also revealed that it was situated on the grasslands North of the rivers Senegal and Niger, its capital Kumbi Saleh is said to have ben founded by Kaya Maghan,who is credited to have over thrown the immigrant minority and Negro indigenes in about AD700 and established purely Soninke dynasty.

by AD1000,the sonnike kingdom had extended it territory, in the west to the river Senegal and south to  Bambuk town of Audoghast of the sahara desert, by the middle of the 11^th control over area covering most of the modern states of Senegal,Mali and Territories of roughly 650,000 square kilometers.

FACTORS FOR THESE RISE OF GHANA EMPIRE

1. Geographical location
2. location around trade route
3. expansion factors
4. large army
5. good government

SOCIO POLITICAL STRUCTURE OF GHANA EMPIRE

In expressing the socio political structure of Ghana empire, is a description of how it was organized and governed, These involved primarily describing the government at the centre, the provinces, the vassal states and the army

1. The king
2. council of Advisers and ministers
3. provincial Governors
4. District chiefs
5. Trade
6. The Army

FACTORS THAT LED TO THE FALL OF GHANA EMPIRE

The decline and fall of Ghana Empire were internal and external

1. INTERNAL FACTORS
2. The size of the Empire
3. Political instability
4. The social and culture heterogeneity of the empire;

• EXTERNAL FACTORS;
• Increasing pressures and Attacks
• Revolts
• Invasion of Kumbi saleh

CLASSWORK

1. what were the factors responsible for the rise of Ghana  empire
2. briefly describe the socio political structure of Ghana empire
3. What role did trade play in rise of Ghana empire
4.  explain the factors for the decline and fall of Ghana empire

ASSIGNMENT

Explain Mali EMPIRE

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WEEK 5-7

TOPIC; MALI EMPIRE

EARLY HISTORY OF MALI EMPIRE

The empire which came to be known as Mali originated from the little Malinke Kingdom called Kangaba,Mali envolved from the unification of a number of small villages known as Dugu and ruled by local chieftains called Dugutigi.it is likely that the fusion of the villages were motivated by the desire of the people to present a united front against enemies and also to participate more in the trans-saharan trade

The early king of kangaba were not known to historians,however,according to one sheikh uthman,a muslim scholar and writer, the first king of kangaba to be converted to islam in the middle of the 11^th centure was Baramendana 9i.e, AD 1050] unlike Ghana,Mali became a muslim state from very early stage of its existence as an empire.

FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF MALI EMPIRE

1. political factors for the rise of Mali empire
2.  Geographical location
3. Good political environment
4. Strong successors to sundiata;; In addition to the political role played by sundiata to the rise of mali empire were the caliber of kings that reigned after him, for examples ,kings such as Mansa Uli [1255-1270],Mansa Musa [1312-1337],who continued the expansionist policy started by sundiata and also made the empire to be known to the outside world.
5. Islamic religion factor

FACTORS THAT LED TO THE FALL OF MALI EMPIRE

1. INTERNAL FACTORS

1. overexpansion of Mali
2. weak rulers
3. inadequate communication

2. EXTERNAL FACTORS

Constant attack by enemies

CLASSWORK

State the factors that led to the rise of Mali Empire

Give reasons for the fall of Mali Empire

ASSIGNMENT

WRITE BRIEFLY ON SONGHAI EMPIRE

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WEEK 8-10

HISTORY OF SONGHAI EMPIRE

Before the people of Songhai settled in Gao ,it is believed that their original home was around Dendi and Bassa,they later migrated to Gao from the above places when they discovered that Gao was an important cross roads in west Africa

According to oral tradition,Kossi took Gao from the sorko and established the Songhai empire, Also many historians had the opinion that Songhai had its organization beginning in the region of Dendi and that her civilization as it was in Ghana and Mali Empires

FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF SONGHAI EMPIRE

1. Geographical factor
2. political factors
3. military prowess
4. religious factors
5. Economic factor

FACTORS FOR THE FALL OF SONGHAI EMPIRE

1. The communication system was poor and inadequate, also there were no natural frontiers to protect the empire
2. Ethnic diversity,religious differences and levels of civilization combined to make it difficult for the em pire to sustain its unity.
3. The situation in Songhai became worst after the death of Askia Mohammed I in 1528 when the empire lost its stability owing to the rebellion put forward by the eldest son Askia.
4. lack of good leadership, ineffective central government and the revolts by vassal states led to the weakness of Songhai army

CLASSWORK

1. Briefly explain the early history of Songhai before the reign of sonni Ali
2. Mention three factors that led to the rise of Songhai Empire

ASSIGNMENT

State the contribution of Askia Mohammed 1 to the greatness of songhai

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