Basic Science Lesson note for JSS3(Basic 9) Second Term
Basic Science Notes JHS
BASIC SCIENCE NOTES JHS 3 Second Term – Edudelight.com
SCHEME OF WORK BASIC SCIENCE JHS 3
WEEK 1-RESOURCES FROM LIVING THINGS
WEEK2-ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF RESOURCES FROM PLANT AND ANIMALS
WEEK3 –RESOURCES FROM NON-LIVING THINGS
WEEK4-RESOURCES FROM NON-LIVING THINGS AND THEIR LOCATION IN NIGERIA
WEEK5-LIGHT ENERGY
WEEK6-SOUND ENERGY
WEEK7 /8-MAGNETISM
WEEK9-ELECTRICAL ENERGY
WEEK 10- SKILL ACQUISITION
Wk1-Resources from living things note
The source of resources from living things comes from plants and animals. The resources from plant sources include cash crops and food crops, dyes, drug while resources from animal include hide and skin, dairy products. Plants resources are grown in the garden and farms for food, commercial purposes, aesthetic values. Resources from plants are grouped into four major groups;cash crops, food crops ,dye/textile and drug/medicinal crops.
Cash crops– are crops grown mainly for money making. They are produced in large quantity for use within the country and for export. Cash crops include wood crops such as iroko, mahogany, ebony; Fibre crops e.g. cotton;oil crops e.g. groundnut, palm oil, other crops include rice, sugar cane, tobacco e.t.c
These crops also provide foreign exchange for the country.
Food Crops– These are plant resources serve as source of food.These are vegetables e.g.pumpkin, lettuce and bitter leaves; root tuber e.g. yam and cassava ; Fruits e.g.guava, mango and orange; Legumes e.g.beans,melon;Grains e.g.rice, maize,millet;Underground crops e.g.carrot,onion;oil plant e.g.groundnut, palm oil, olive; Food crops provides mainly vitamins, carbohydrate, protein ,oil and other nutrients which the body needs for growth and development.
-Dyes/textile– dyes are liquid substances of plants extracts that are used to change the colour of clothing materials, hair and houses.
They are extracted naturally from flowers and leaves of plant. Crop for textile are used for making clothes by textile industries. Textile crops are cotton while fibers plant, flax guinea-hemp, sisal and jute are used in rope production. The leaves and fronds of palm trees provide materials for making hats, bags, baskets.
Drug/Medicinal crop—Drugs are chemical substances of plant extract used as medicine to prevent or cure various health problems and diseases. Drugs are capable of altering behaviours when they abused .Drugs are resources from the stem, roots and leaves of plant. For examples Cinchoma species, garlic species e.t.c
Resources from animals
Animal resources are very important for human being since they provide food for growth and development such resources include hide, milk, feathers and feace of livestock.
Hide/ skin= Hide and skin are derived from the skin of large animals such as camels, buffalo, cattle e.t.c. Hide can be sold, bought or used in leather industries for the production of shoes, bags ,purses, belt and garment. Skin of small animals such as goat and rabbit are edible.
Livestock—are mainly birds and mammals that are reared by farmers either for consumption or for money making.For examples such animals are goats, sheep, cows, pigs, poultry birds.
1.These animals provide meat, milk,e.t.c.
2.The feathers of the poultry birds e.g. chicken, turkeys are used for decoration.
3.The droppings from livestock are used as manure in farms and gardens.
4.The feathers can be used to make pillow case
Dairy-is a place on a farm where milk is kept. Dairy are got from animal resources such as cow, horse camel e.t.c.The milk is rich in protein is a major ingredient in the production of cheese, butter and yogurt for human consumption and export.
ASSIGNMENT
1.Which of the following is not a livestock? A. goat B.lion C.Sheep D.pig
2.The major animal resources use4d the leather industries are A.hide and skin B. skin and legs C. hide and mat D. camel and skin
3.Dairy products are major ingredients for the production of A.yam, cotton and butter B.cassava ,timber and cheese C. yoghurt, butter and rice D.butter ,cheese and yoghurt
4.Which of the following is not a product of living things ? A. beans B.stone C.melon D.meat
5.Which of the following is not a cash crop? A. iroko tree B.mahogany C.vegetables D.oil palm
6a..State three uses from animals
b.State four major groups of plant resources
7.Check your texts book for more questions
WK2-Economic importance of plant and animal resources notes.
1. For self development
-They serve as food for growth and development
-Dairy products are rich in protein for the replacement of worn-out tissues
-Bones and horns of animals are used in making furniture
-They are sources of drugs for treating various health problems
2.For social development
-Pulp from the trees are used for print media
-Hides and skins are used by leather industries form making shoes, bags,rug ,carpets and cloths
-Flowers are used for aesthetic purpose in beautification of homes and major cities.
WK3—Resources from non-living things (solid material)
Minerals are naturally occurring substances in the soil. Such minerals are natural endowment to particular communities. The mineral resources may exist in solid, liquid or in gaseous forms. Example of mineral resources are petroleum,limestone,gold,coal e.tc.Example of solid mineral in Nigeria are gold, limestone,coal,tin ore, columbite,iron ore, diamond e.t.c.These solid minerals cannot be used in the form in which they are found when they are dug out of the soil.They need to be refined by a process of refining which usually take place in factories.
Characteristics of solid minerals
-Diamond is lustrous and is the hardest solid mineral.
-Gold is lustrous when refined
-Coal ore is black
-Marble is milky
-Iron is grey/brown in colour.
Importance of solid minerals
–Iron is used the construction of bridges and building.
-Iron is used for making farm implement.
-Iron can be used for making various motor parts.
-Gold, silver and diamond are used in making jelwery such as earring, necklaces, medals and trophies.
-The wealth of a nation in foreign reserve can be quantified in gold value.
Uses of coal
-It is used for cooking
-It is in making material like chemical, paints and dyes.
-It is used to generate energy used to move train or generate electricity
Clay
-It is used in pottery industries for making plates, jugs and mugs.
-Combination of clay with limestone can be used for making chalk and cement.
Limestone
-It is the major material in cement making.
-It is used in the hospital as plaster of Paris to straighten an injury to the bone.
More importance
-For employment opportunities
-For industrial development
-For agricultural development
-For transportation development
ASSIGNMENTS
1.Which of these solid minerals is used in the pottery industries? A. silver B.clay C.diamond D.coal
2.Which of the following solid minerals is a major material that is used for the manufacture of cement ? A. coal B limestone C.gold D, silver
3.Where is coal found in large quantity in Nigeria? A. Ibadan B.Jos C.Kano D. Enugu
4.What is the characteristic colour of coal? A. black B. green C. grey D. brown
5.Which of the following is not a solid mineral? A. Zinc B. Aluminium C.Petroleum D.Silver
6.Major mineral resources in Kebbi is A. gold B.coal C.salt D.iron
7.Solid minerals are used for the following except A. fertile B.manufacture of agricultural tools C.emploment generation D.unrest
8.Which part of Nigeria is reach in Petroleum resources A. Ogun B.Oyo State C.Niger- Delt D. Kano State
9.Mention three importance of minerals in Nigeria
10.Mention three natural resources in Nigeria
WK4
Resources from non-living things and their Location of solid mineral in Nigeria
Solid minerals such as limestone is found in Ewekoro in Ogun state and Nkalagu in Ebonyi state, gold in Ilesha, Osun state; Tin and columbite in Jos, plateau state and coal in Enugu, Enugu state.
.Draw map of Nigeria to show the location of solid minerals
WEEK 5–LIGHT ENERGY NOTES
Energy is the capacity to do work , Light is a form of energy because it can do work .Light energy travels on a straight line, the phenomenon of light travelling on a straight line is called rectilinear propagation of light . The pinhole camera operates on this principle . Other phenomena that show that the light travel on a straight line are formation of shadow and eclipses. A ray of light is a straight line along which light ray travels. A beans of a collection of parallel rays of light moving close together A beans a light may be
(1) Parallel – When the rays of light travel parallel
Parallel bean
2. Convergent of rays – when the rays of light meet at a point
3. Divergent rays – When the rays of light spread from a point away from each other
CONCEPT OF LIGHT TRANSMISSION
When light rays fall on a surface it may result to the following
(i) Reflection_ This is the sending back of rays of light from a smooth or highly polished surface on which it falls e . g mirror or other smooth surface
(ii) Refraction – This is the passage of light rays from one medium to another. It makes the light rays to appear bent . eg light rays from air to water. This is the reason why a stick or coin put in a glass of water appeared raised.
(iii)Transparent objects-These are objects that can allow light rays to pass through them .Those objects are said to be transparent, e g glass and clear water.
(iv)Opaque objects-These are objects that do not allow light to pass through them rather it absorbs the light rays, eg wood ,brick wall. cloth and cardboard
(v)Translucent objects-These are objects which allow light to passs through them but the object from which the light comes cannot be seen. Example oil paper ,wax paper,and glass sheets used for certain windows in the house
NATURAL LUMINOUS OBJECTS
Luminous objects are objects that produce light of their own .Example s are sun, stars and some living creatures such as glow-worm and fire-fly.
Artificial Luminous objects are objects such as electric lamps,kerosene lamp and candles
Non-luminous objects are are those objects that cannot produce light of their own.e.g.moon.
REFLECTION OF LIGHT -When a ray of light strikes a surface is reflected back.The reflection may be regular or diffuse.
REGULAR reflection is when a parallel ray of light is reflected in the same direction when fall on smooth surface or highly polished surface.
| i |
| r |
| Normal |
| Reflected ray |
| incident ray |
DIFFUSE reflection occurs when a parallel ray of light is reflected in different directions , the rays become scaterred or diffuse.
mirror
I= Angle of incidence is the angle incident ray make with the normal r= angle of refection is the angle between the normal and reflected ray . Both I and r are equal
Refraction of light Refraction is the change in the direction of light when it passes from one medium to another . Example be of medium that can refract a light ray is pond or swimming pool The law of refraction
1. The incident ray and the refracted ray are all on the refracted rays are on the opposite side of the normal . The normal is the line drawn to be at right angle to the boundary or both materials
2. The angle of incident is equal to angle of refraction
3. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incident (i) to the sine of angle of refraction (r0) is referred to as refractive index refractive index “n” = sinio/sinro
APPARENT DEPTH
When a coin is put in a transparent cup or container containing water . When viewed from the top , the coin appears raised up, in which case its depth is loss than the actual depth of the coin at the bottom of the beaker . The depth at which it appeared to be seen by the eye is called Apparent depth
Dispersion and rainbow When a ray of while light passes a glass prism especially triangular prism . The ray of light is splited into seven component color . The phenomenon is called dispersion of light . The series of color into which while light is splited is called a spectrum the component colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violent ( VIGBYOR) The Same phenomenon cause formation or rainbow it happened when sin rays pass through water droplet in The atmosphere . The seven color of rainbow formed in the sky by droplet of water which hang in the
Atmosphere
VIOLET
INDIGO
GREEN
BLUE
ORANGE
RED
Colour prism are rectangular or triangle blocks of glass which change the direction of a light ray when it passes through them from another medium e. g air to glass . The prism bend light rays and produce colored image the image the rainbow color
Mechanism of Seeing
Light rays from an object enters the eye through the cornea which causes the light rays to be refracted and pass through the aqueous humour which further
Bends the light rays before entering the lens through the pupil. The lens further bends the light rays and focuses them on the retina especially on the yellow spot. The light rays passes through the vitreous humuor .Further bending of the light rays occurs again. The light rays on reaching the retina stimulates the rods and cones forms an inverted image on the retina .The inverted image is smaller in size than the object. Impulses are sent through the optic nerves the optic lobes of the brain, then to visual cent cerebral hemisphere where the actual size and colour of the image are interpreted correctly
ASSIGNMENTS
1,Which of the following is the reason a clear pool of water is dangerous for amateur swimmers A.it is unsuitable for swimming B.it appear to be shallower than its real depth C.it always contain dangerous fishes D. it frightens young swimmers.
2.On which of the following does normal human eye forms its own image? A. lens B. pupil C. retina D. rainbow
3.When light passes through air to water or glass, there is A. reflection B. problem C. incidence D. refraction.
4.The separation of white light into various component of colours through a glass prism is known as A. dispersion Convergent Divergent Spectrum.
5a Explain why spoon in a glass cup of water appears to be bent
b.How does eye see objects both far and near
c.Explain the meaning of dispersion of light . How does it relate the rainbow in the sky?.
d. Mention four properties of light
e. State the laws of reflection
f. What is refraction
WK6- SOUND ENERGY NOTES
Sound is a form of energy and transfer in form of wave to the listener through a medium by vibration Sound is transmitted through a medium in the form of vibration or wave reach the human ear , the waves as sound
Sound are classified into two classes (i) musical sound (ii) noise
Musical sounds are caused by bodies performing regular vibration. Examples of musical instruments are flute, trumpet, drum, guitar, piano and gong.
Noises are caused by irregular disturbances such as collision and explosion.
Sound requires a medium in order to travel. It can travel through the wire as well as through the air . Sound is also transmitted metals and pipes. The sound may converted to electrical signals when travel through a long distance as in the case of land telephone. Sound waves can be reflected in the same way as light wave when strike a hard surface such as wall, rock or concrete structures. The reflection of sound waves when obstructed by hard object such as rock is called echo.
Sound waves can also be refracted when it passes from one medium to another. Sound can also undergo diffraction and interference.
Characteristics of sound waves
– Reflect
– Refract
– It needs medium to travel , it is fastest in solid
Mechanism of Hearing
Sound waves entering the pinnae are directed into the auditory canal which make the eardrum to vibrate .The vibration sets the ossicles into a greater vibration.This vibration greatly amplified in the middle ear,which cause the oval window to vibrate far more than the eardrum because of its smaller size.The vibration in the oval window are passed on to the endolymph in the cochlea and cause the membrane carrying hair cells to vibrate .The vibration make the hair cell to set up a nerve impulse.The is carried through the auditory nerve to auditory region of the brain where is interpreted as sound.
ASSIGNMENT
1.All objects that produce sound have a common characteristic called A. vibration B.tuning fork C pieces metal D. sound
2.One of the characteristic of sound energy similar to light energy is A.incidence B.deviation C. refraction D.reflection
3.The part of the hear that is responsible for hearing is A.semicircular canals B.auditory nerve C.eardrum D. pinna
4.The hole through which sound enters the human ear is called A.tympanic membrane B. auditory meatus C. semi-circular canals
5.Echo is produced when sound is A. incident B. blocked C. refracted D. reflected
6.The matter through which sound is transmitted is called A.medium B.gong C.flute D.microphone
7. The bone like structures found in middle ear is called A.blade B. earbone C. ossicles D.pinna
8. Optic nerve is to eye as ____________ nerve is to the ear A.auditory B.nerve endings C.olfactory D.papillae
9a. Define sound
b.State the S.I unit of sound energy
c.State four characteristics of sound
.
WK7/8-Magnetism Notes
Loadstone is a naturally occurring magnetic oxide of iron or natural magnet.It was discovered in China 2000years ago. Loadstone is a magnetic mineral which attract iron and steel object. When loadstone is suspended it swings freely and it always point to the direction of north and south.
Laws of magnet
–like poles repel each other
-unlike poles attract each other.
Magnetic poles and field
A suspended magnet will swing and finally rest in the direction of north – south.The end of a magnet pointing towards the geographical north pole is the south pole of the magnet while the end of the magnet pointing to the geographical pole is the north pole of the magnet.
Magnetic field /magnetic domain is defined as the space or regions surrounding the magnet where magnetic force can be felt.
-The uniform earth field and the lines of forces are parallel and equally spaced
-Field for two isolated pole e.g. N-S lines run from the north to the south pole
-Two isolated similar poles N-N with neutral point occurring in-between.
The ends of the poles are called the poles.
The strongest force on a magnet is found at the ends of the magnets.
Diagram
Care or Maintenance of magnet
1. By using a keeper-A keeper is a piece of iron that is temporarily added between the north and south poles of a magnet to prevent demagnetization by redirecting the magnetic field.
2.Magnets should be stored in pairs.
3.Store in dry place.
4.Store in a non –ferromagnetic container
5. Store in cool place
6.Magnets may be coated or case to prevent corrosion.
7.Magnet should not be heated as this will destroy the magnetic properties
USES OF MAGNETS
Magnets are useful in the following areas such as
-radio communication
–telegraph
-in appliances such as computer, electric generator, loudspeaker, microphone and electromagnets
ASSIGNMENTS
1.Magnet is made from A. iron B.tin C.copper D.steel
2.Load stone is naturally occurring magnet discovered in A.Britain B.America C.Germany D.China
3.Which of the following statements is correct? A.unlike poles repel B. like poles attract C.like poles repel D.unlike poles repel and attract
4.The following exert a field force except? A.magnet and pin B.electric force C.dragged table D. comb and hair.
6. A bar magnet has ________ poles A. one B.two C.three D.four
7.Magnet is used in all of the following except in A. cookers B.telegraph C generator D. loudspeakers.
8a.Explain how show magnetic force around a magnet
b.Demonstrate how to detect the North And South poles of a magnet
WK9. Electrical Energy.
Electrical energy are needed in industries ,officers and home for carrying out numerous essential operation for instance blender at home , television, iron and fridge all make use of electrical energy to operate .
Electric current is the flow or electron from one point to another in a circuit in a metallic conductor called wires .
An electronic circuit is the path for the passage of electron current from a cell or battery to lamp and back to the cell
SIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT An electric circuit is the path through which an electric current flow from a cell or battery to an appliance and back is the cell there are two major ways of connecting electrical circuit
(1) In series connecting circuit element are joined end so that saw current flow through each circuit element . Resistors in series total resistance R=R 1+ R2
(2) Connecting in parallel – the element of the circuit are connected in such a way that the high potential terminal of two circuit are joined to one point and the two element are joined to another point in the circuit
The arrangement ensures there is a uniform potential difference across the two elements where the current flow in them differ
Total Ressistance R =1/RI+1/R2
COMPONENT OF A CIRCUIT
The component of a circuit include the following
(1) Resistor – This is in form of wire or other materials used to reduce or resist a flow of current . It has a unit called ohmns
(2) Lamp or bulb is used in a circuit to indicate the flow of electricity
(3) Switch is used in the circuit to put on or put off electric current
(4) Ammeter – is an instrument used to measures the amount of current following the unit is ampere (A)
(5) Voltmeter – is an instrument used to detect the flow of an electric current
(6) Galvanometer– is an instrument used to detect the flow of an electric current
(7) Fuse– is a piece of wire made of tin-lead alloy having a low melting point it is used to cut off electric current off when there is danger in the circuit
(8)Circuit breaker-This is a modern device that is introduced into the house circuit to increase safety in the use of electricity in the house.
Open circuit– This is a situation when an electric circuit does not conduct current because a switch is open i.e. a wire is broken.
BASIC TERMS USED IN ELECTRICITY
1. Current is the flow of electron along a conductor . The symbol is the ratio of the potential different (v) across the end of the conductor to the current I following through the conductor
R= V
I
V= RXI
I = V / R
IV. Potential difference (pod) is the difference in the electrical potentials between the terminals of a cell or battery in a closed circuit
Iv Electromotive force ( e. m. f ) is the electrical driving force between the terminals of a cell or battery in an open circuit
HOUSE CIRCUIT-Houses are wired in parallel because of some advantages of parallel circuit. One of the reasons is that if one bulb in the house is turn out, others will stay on . However, in a series circuit ,all bulbs go off as soon as one of them burns out.
ELECTRIC METER READING AND BILLING NOTES
An electric meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, industries or electric gadgets.
| Meter reading | Unit consumed | Cost per unit | Total amount | |
| Previous reading | 47896 | |||
| Present reading | 48167 | 271 | 1291 naira | |
| 3498.61 naira |
ASSIGNMENT
1. The flow of current is usually in the opposite direction to the flow of A.neutrons B.protons C.electrons D.atoms
2. Electric circuit are connected in _____ ways A. four B. two C. three D. five
3.A voltmeter is an instrument for measuring A.current B.resistance C.capacitance D.potential difference.
4.What is the name of electrical element in the house circuit that is used for connecting electrical appliances? A.sockets B.fuse box C.control switch circuit breaker
4.What is the name of electrical element in the house circuit that is used for putting off electricity supply anytime there is a repair or installation? A. sockets B.fuse box C.control swtich D. circuit breaker.
5.The amount of current flowing through an electric circuit is measured by A. ammeter B.ohmmeter C. voltimeter D. fuse
6. The unit of measuring current is A. ohm B. voltage C.coulombs D. ampere
7a. Mention four components of electric circuit
b.Explain the term electric circuit
c.Mention two ways of connecting electric circuit
d. what is the full meaning of E. M . F
WEEK 11
SKILL ACQUISITION
Skill acquisition is a special ability impacted on somebody as a result of training to do something well.
REASONS FOR SKILL OF ACQUISITION
(1) To get employment
(ii) To be self employed because they don’t want to be under anybody
(iii) For decision making
Iv For risk taking
V For managing emergency situation
Vi For learning how to live together
Vii For learning about survival strategy
TYPES OF SKILL
1 Photography :– Is the technologies of capturing an event , scene or a thing on a picture either in printed and view on a card of projected screen . A picture is an image.
Ii Farming skills is skills connected to growing of crops and rearing of animals . For instance keeping poultry, snailery . Fishery etc
Iii Computer Literacy – It is of great need that everybody in this generation need basic skill in computer for sending and finding information and for keeping records.
Iv. INTERNET – it is a name given to network of computers which are linked through servers. The internet host servers form linked organization worldwide from which web pages could be reached linking users to various types of essential information and data.
V. Internet browsing -: It is all about searching the internet for required information data . One get connected to the internet and employs a search engine such at a goggle and then types in the web site address such as WWW. yahoo.com. They search for reading or copy information or studying from the internet.
Vi. E –mail Operation. This is the art of opening and operating a web site address for forwarding and receiving mails and other datas through the computer . One needs to open an e-mail operator such as yahoo mail,skannet et
This device enables one to post information in the form of brief notes to someone else who may be in another continent through internet. An e-mail may be inform of Elias 2016 @ yahoo .com.
VII. Fax– stands for exact copy of writing, picture or print. The fax machine is a microcomputer application for capturing and forwarding exact copy of classified documents to designated places.
IMPORTANCE OF SKILL ACQUISITION
i. It improves quality of life
ii. It provides various enjoyable games, leisure and entertainment.
iii. it provides services to other people
iv. it saves lives.
V .it widens opportunities of attaining fame.
vi. it acquires functional literacy by all.
QUESTIONS
1. Mention ten types of skills one can acquire.
2. Mention five importance of skill acquisition.
3.State for reasons for skill acquisition
4.All these are reasons for skill acquisition except A. dependence on relation B.survival strategy C.to be an accept D. to develop our ability
5.All these are the importance of skill acquisition except A.create employment B.improve quality of life C. enslave an apprentice D.make oneself –reliant.
6.Which of the following is not an example of skill acquisition A.photography B.painting C.capentry d.teaching
7.Special ability acquired or develop through training is called A.training b.skills C.apprentiship C. professionalism.
8.People acquire skill for the skill for the following reason except A.fame B higher pay C. self reliance D.laziness
