Lesson Note on Social Studies JSS2 (Basic 8) Third Term
Social studies Lesson for junior secondary school – Edudelight.com
SCHEME OF WORK JSS 2 SOCIAL STUDIES
WEEKS and TOPICS
- ACCIDENTS IN THE SCHOOL: (a) Types of accidents in the school – cuts, burns, electrical shocks, falls, bruises, sprains, etc. (b) Preventing and Taking care of accidents in the school – (i) How to prevent accidents in the school. (ii) Remove all dangerous things from the ground. (iii) Do not play with dangerous instruments (iv) Avoid exposed (live) electricity cable/wire. (v) In case of accidents – Report to parents/ elderly persons/ teachers, give a first aid care, take victims to nearby hospitals/clinic, remove what has caused the accidents.
- GENDER ROLES;Gender similarities/differences, Gender, discrimination Consequences & solution of gender discrimination
- STORAGE: Meaning of storage, Methods of storing things, Benefits of storing things
- Savings; Meaning of saving, Reasons for saving money, Method of saving money.
- WHAT IS A BANK?
(i) Advantages of keeping money in banks
(ii) Problems associated with banking
(iii) Prospects of banking operation in Nigeria
- RESOURCES; Meaning and types of resources, Usefulness of resources to man, Conservation of environmental resources
- HARMFUL SUBSTANCE; Types of harmful substance to men, Prevention of intake of harmful substance
- TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN NIGERIA; Meaning/types of transportation, Transportation on land, water and air, Advantages and disadvantages of transportation, system in Nigeria
- REVISION
- REVISION
- REVISION
- EXAMINATION
REFERENCES
- SolakatNew Syllabus on Social Studies for Junior Secondary Schools Books 2 by OluwasolaOyewole
- Macmillan Social Studies Book 2 by M.A Oyebanjo, I.O Osokota, R. AcholomuAyodeleJegede, Ibrahim Bello.
WEEK ONE
TOPIC: ACCIDENTS IN THE SCHOOL
CONTENT
(a) Types of accidents in the school
(b) Preventing and Taking Care of Accidents in the school
(c) How to prevent accidents in the school
What is an accident?
An accident can be defined as a non-deliberate, unplanned unintended, or unexpected event that happened suddenly which may produce undesirable effects e g injuries, deformities, damage or pain to the victims.
Accident in schools are therefore accident that occur or take place in the school environment . When accident happen in schools, they do not only endanger students and staff, it also hinders the teaching and learning process.
Types of accidents in the school
Several accident occur in the school the following are some of the common ones.
1. Cuts.
2. Burns.
3. Electrical shocks
4. Falls.
5. Sprains.
6. Bruises.
CUTS – Students and even member of staff can accidentally sustain cuts from broken bottles,chairs, desks and playing equipment etc.
BURNS – Burn is another form of accident in the school which may occur while burning refuse or during practical session in Home Economics Laboratory.
ELECTRICAL SHOCKS – Wrong use of electrical appliances in the school can lead to shock. The use of faulty electrical appliances can also result to electric shocks in the school.
FALLS – Many things can lead to falls in the school,sometimes in the cause of play, students can push one another down accidentally. Worn out staircase can lead to fall. Some students fall fromtrees in the school compound. In schools where floors are tiled, students can fall. No matter what led to the fall, injuries can be sustained.
SPRAINS – A sprain occurs as a result of over stretching or over twisting of the ligament of a joint. Common sites of sprains are knee joint, elbow joint, ankle joint, and wrist joint.
BRUISES – Bruises occur when the body is given a blow and it causes bleeding from the blood vessels underneath the skin without breaking it. There is swelling and discoloration of injured area and it is very painful.
How to prevent accidents in the school
Accidents in schools can be prevented by the adoption of the following measures.
1. Removal of all dangerous things from the ground.
2.Students should be properly monitored and educated on the use of electrical appliances and the consequences of wrong handling of them.
3. Do not play with dangerous instruments.
4. Harmful chemicals such as acid should be used under the supervision of a teacher.
5. Rough play be students should be discouraged.
6. Physical fight should be discouraged in the school.
7.Fruit bearing trees should not be planted in the school and if planted, students should be monitored not to climb them or throw objects at it.
8. Open pit should be filled or identified and the surrounding must be weeded to prevent students from falling into it.
9. Students should avoid the electric cable or wire.
10. Students should be taught safety measures in the school.
Steps to take when Accidents Occur in the School
In case of accidents in school, the following steps should be taken.
- Report to teacher, parents/elderly persons.
As soon as an accident has occurred in the school, the first step to take is to report the case to any older person around , any teacher or member of staff on ground before the case will later be reported to the parents of the victim.
2.Give first aid care:after the accident has been reported appropriately, first aid treatment should be administered to the victim by the teacher member of staff or a school nurse if there is sick bay in the school.
3.The victim should be taken to a nearby hospital or clinic if the case is beyond what the teacher or school nurse can handle.
4.Remove what has caused the accident :Whatever has caused the accident should be immediately removed so that the accident will not repeat itself.
EVALUATION
1. What do you understand by school accident?
2. Mention five types of school accident.
3. How can you prevent accident in theschool.
4. Write three steps to take when accident occur in the school.
READING ASSIGNMENT:Read chapter 8 ofSolakat Social studies for Junior Secondary School Volume two by A. OluwasolaOyewole pages 21-22
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS:
- ………..can bedefined as a non-deliberate, unplanned unintended, or unexpected event. a. An accident b. A damage c. A danger
- One out of the following is not types of accidents in the school a. Sprains b. Falls c. Lip
- The following are ways by which we can prevent accident in the school except one. a. Do not play with dangerous instruments.
b. Harmful chemicals such as acid should be used under the supervision of a teacher. c. Give first aid care
- ………..occur when the body is given a blow and it causes bleeding from the blood vessels underneath the skin without breaking it. a. Sprains b. Falls c. Bruises
- One of these is a safety measure at school a. Rain fall b. Well stocked first aid kit c. Weather
THEORY:
1. What do you understand by school accident?
2. Mention five types of school accident.
3. How can you prevent accident in theschool.
4. Write three steps to take when accident occur in the school.
Social studies Lesson for junior secondary school – Edudelight.com
WEEK TWO
TOPIC: GENDER ROLES
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN
Men and women are created by God to perform certain tasks and duties on earth. However, in every society and culture, men and women have various roles to play, as determined by nature. Men and women are similar in the following ways:
- They are both human beings.
- They both have the ability to think and make meaningful decisions.
- men and women have the potential to reach any height in politics, academics, religion, and other fields of endeavor.
Men and women are, however, different in some ways. The following are some
of the ways in which men are different from women:
- Men usually have stronger muscles than women.
- Men have deep voices while most women have soft voices.
- Men grow beards and moustaches while most women do not.
ROLES OF MEN
By nature and by tradition, men play very crucial roles in society. These roles include the following:
- One of the roles of men is to provide the family needs, such as food, clothes and shelter.
- It is also the duty of men to provide security for their families.
- The man also takes important decisions on matters affecting the family.
- The man, as the head of the household, leads and guides members of the family.
- The man also guides the family in spiritual matters.
ROLES OF WOMEN
Women also play some crucial roles in society. They are as follows:
- The traditional role of women in society is to take care of the house and cook for the family.
- Women also perform other duties, such as keeping the environment clean, sweeping the house, and washing clothes and plates.
- Women also give moral support to members of the family.
- It is also the traditional role of women to take good care of the children, and make sure they are morally upright.
THE CHANGING ROLE OF WOMEN IN PRESENT DAY SOCIETY
The world is changing because of Western influences, modern technology, education and the mass media.
In present day society, therefore, the traditional role of women has changed. For instance, the economic situation has made it necessary for women to work for money instead of staying at home as full-time house wives.
As a result of this, women nowadays perform the role of men by providing food, shelter and clothes for the family. The awareness campaign made by government, as well as local and international organizations, on the need to raise the status of women in our society, has led to the changing roles of women in our society Women are now found in various positions and occupations, which were only for men in the past. Such occupations include medicine, engineering, and the forces (such as the police and the army).In the area of government and politics, women now contest with men for political offices, like those of the president, governor, senator, local government chairman and councilor.
EVALUATION
- Mention two similarities between men and women.
- Mention two roles of men and women.
GENDER DISCRIMINATION
Gender discrimination is the way people are treated because of their sex. It is denying someone his or her right just because that person is a male or female.
Areas in which gender discrimination occurred are:
- Education,
- Employment,
- Politics,
- Family roles,
- Access to loans
- Decision making
- Inheritance,
- Social activities,
- Security and defense, etc.
CONSEQUENCES OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION:
- It leads to inferiority complex
- Underutilization of human resources,
- Denials of equal opportunities,
- Denials of fundamentals human right.
SOLUTIONS TO GENDER DISCRIMINATION
- Equal opportunity should be given to men and women,
- Encouragement of girl child education
- There should be Respect for the fundamental human rights of women,
- Implementation of affirmative action
- Cultures, law and administration that against women should be stopped
EVALUATION
- What is gender discrimination?
- List three places where discrimination occurs
- Mention three Consequences of gender discrimination
READING ASSIGNMENT:Read chapter 8 of Solakat Social studies for Junior Secondary School Volume two by A. Oluwasola Oyewole pages 50 – 57
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS:
- _________is the way people are treated because of their sex. A. Religion B. Fellowship C. Gender discrimination D. Attitude
- Men and women have the ability to think and make meaningful decisions. A. True B. False
- The following are places where discrimination occurs except one. A. Education B. Politics C. Employment D. Event
- When equal opportunity should be given to men and women, there will be no _______ A. Gossiping B. fighting C. Peace D. Gender Discrimination
- One of the consequences of Gender discrimination is _____. A Inferiority complex B. Active when working C. Strong D. Respect
THEORY:
- Write three (3) problems of inequality faced by women in society.
- Mention six (6) occupations that were previously for men in society.
- Mention three consequences of gender discrimination.
- Mention three solutions to gender discrimination.
Social studies Lesson for junior secondary school – Edudelight.com
WEEK THREE
DEFINITION OF STORAGE
Storage can be defined as the means of storing things for future use. It is act of putting something that is not being used in a place where it is available, where it can be kept safely, etc. : the act of storing something
Things we store
Things we store are:
- Perishable goods: Perishable goods are goods that can easily get spoil. Example of perishable goods are pepper, onions, vegetables, yam and other raw food items.
- Durable goods: Some durable need to be stored for future sale because some goods need to be store for the purpose of selling it at a better price. e.g gold
Methods of storing food items
- Freezing
- Boiling
- Frying
- Drying
- Canning
- Use of preservatives like salting and other chemicals
BENEFITS OF STORING THINGS
- Unable To Leave Home: You might become sick, your vehicle may break down, or any other reason whereby you might not be able to leave your home to get food as you normally would have before
- Currency Devaluation: Another reason is because of currency devaluation. The value of money is not stable therefore there is need to buy some goods especially food and durable items before prices increases.
- Financial Meltdown: An economic collapse could lead to a domino effect bringing down the entire system. food and under goods will become a valuable commodity.
- Your Income Drops: You may simply retire; you may lose your job, or any other situation, which reduces your ‘normal’ income. Having a food storage and storage of other luxuries will help offset this for a while.
- Regional Social Chaos: Rioting, Looting on a grand scale. It will be dangerous to go out during these times. The trigger event could be nearly anything. We have seen it in the news, and it will happen again somewhere…
EVALUATION
- What is storage?
- Mention three things we can store
READING ASSIGNMENT:Read chapter 8 of Solakat Social studies for Junior Secondary School Volume two by A. Oluwasola Oyewole pages 59- 65
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS:
- _________ are goods that can easily get spoil. A. Canned food B. Fellowsh C. Gender discrimination D. Attitude
- Storing things for future use is known as ______. A. Banking B. Saving C. Storage D. piggy bank
- The following are methods of storing foods except one A. Frying B. Watering C. drying D. Freezing
- Storing things helps us to save A. False B. True
- One of the benefits for storage is _____. A for financial meltdown B. for Mortality C. for spending D. to gain Respect
THEORY:
- Explain storage.
- Mention three (3) perishable food that needs to be stored.
- Mention three (3) benefits for storage.
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WEEK FOUR
TOPIC: SAVING
PERIOD I: SAVINGS AND WAYS OF SAVING
CONTENT:
Meaning of savings
Savings may be defined as a way of keeping money and other valuable for use at any time it is needed.
Traditional Method of Saving:
Before the modern methods or ways of savings, there had been different ways of saving money in the past which included:
- Keeping money inside clay pots.
- Keeping money in a dug ground.
- Entrusted into the care of relatives.
- Keeping with money keepers.
- Keeping money under the sleeping materials such as mattress and pillow.
- Keeping money under the roof of the house
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
- Define savings.
- What are the traditional methods of savings?
PERIOD II:
TOPIC: Modern Methods Of Saving
CONTENT:
Unlike the ways adopted for savings in the past, the modern ways of saving are more assuring and secured. Modern ways of savings are:
- In the banks.
- With financial houses.
- With cooperatives.
- By buying of stocks or shares.
Reasons For Savings
- To have money for future use.
- For solving unexpected problems or emergency.
- For future investment.
- For safe keeping or security.
- To avoid wasteful spending.
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
- Identify four modern methods of saving.
- What are the reasons for saving money?
GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTIONS/REVIEW QUESTIONS
- What is the meaning of gender roles?
- Give five examples of gender roles.
- Mention five factors that influence gender roles.
- What is the meaning of gender stereotypes?
- Give examples of gender stereotypes.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Macmillan Social Studies Book 2 by M.A. Orebanjo, I.O. Osokoya, R. Acholonu et-al Pages 92-94.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
- Savings means A. Keeping money for use at anytime it is needed B. Spending money anytime
C. Exchange of goods for goods D. Exchange of money for money.
- All the following are modern ways of saving except A. By buying shares B. in the bank C. keeping inside clay pots D. by saving with financial houses.
- All the following are reasons for savings except A. To have money for future uses B. For reckless spending C. for future investmentD. For solving unexpected problems
- One of the following is not a way of saving in the past A. Keeping inside clay pots B. Keeping in a dug ground C. keeping in the bank D. Keeping money under sleeping materials
- Modern ways of savings are A. Not reliable B. Are not trustworthy C. are not assuring and secured
D. Are assuring and secured.
THEORY
1. a. Define savings
b. Identify three olden days ways of savings.
2. Give three reasons for savings.
WEEK FIVE
TOPIC: BANK
PERIOD I: Keeping Money in the Bank.
CONTENT:
What is a Bank?
Banks are the institutions established for safe keeping of our money and other valuable materials. People also take loans from the banks to do certain things such as building houses or to embark on commercial projects.
Types of Banks
- Central Bank: The central bank is owned by the federal government. The central bank of Nigeria performs several functions such as printing of currency and granting of loans to commercial banks. There is only one central bank of Nigeria with branches in all the states capitals.
- Commercial Banks: Commercial banks include all specialized banks and micro finance banks which serve the general public in various ways such as keeping of money, giving loans to customers etc. Examples of commercial banks in Nigeria are Zenith bank, Union bank, Wema bank, Access bank, First bank etc. These commercial banks are not owned by the government they are owned by individuals.
- Mortgage Banks
- Merchant Banks
Advantages of Keeping Money in The Bank
- It helps to control reckless spending.
- Money kept in the bank can be withdrawn when needed.
- Money kept in the bank yields interest.
- It enhances privacy.
- It prevents risks of theft or loss.
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
- Define bank.
- Explain the two types of bank.
- What are the advantages of keeping money in the bank?
PERIOD II
TOPIC: Problems Associated With Keeping Money in Banks
CONTENT:
- To open an account in the bank is often times very difficult. It requires filling forms, taking passport photographs and presenting identity cards, international passport or driving license.
- Not all the customers to the banks are literates. The population of Nigerian who are illiterates is very high. A large number of illiterate people feel frustrated with all the process of transaction in the banks.
- Some bank customers find it difficult o withdraw money with their automated teller machines (ATM) cards. Most automated teller machines are old, outdated and do not dispense money as at and when needed.
- Most people do not keep their money in the banks because of fear of armed robbers. This is an unfortunate situation which at times discourage saving money in banks.
Solutions To The Problems Of Keeping Money In The Banks
- People need to be educated on the benefits of saving money in banks.
- The illiterates people among us should be encouraged and assured of the safety of their money kept in the banks.
- Banks should make sure that services are delivered quickly and faster with the use of computer systems and modern automated teller machines to reduce long queues in our banks.
- Bankers should show understanding with their customers and not be aggressive.
EVALUATION QUESTIONS
- What are the problems associated with keeping money in banks.
- Suggest solutions to the problems of keeping money in the banks.
GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTIONS / REVISION QUESTIONS
- Define bank.
- Explain the two types of bank
- What are the advantages of keeping money in the bank?
- What are the problems associated with keeping money in banks.
- Suggest solutions to the problems of keeping money in the banks.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Macmillan Social Studies Book 2 by M.A. Orebanjo, I.O Osokoya, R.Acholoun et al Pages 92 – 94.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
- A bank is a place we _____ A. buy food B. eat Food C. keep our money and other valuable materials D. acquire education.
- Which of the following banks is responsible for printing currency in Nigeria A. Central bank
B. Commercial banks C. Micro Finance banks D. First bank
- All the following banks are commercial banks except A. First bank B. Central bank C. Union bank
D. Wema bank.
- One of the following is not an advantage of keeping money in the bank A. It helps to control reckless spending B. Money kept in the bank yields interest C. money kept in the bank can be withdrawn at anytime D. Money kept in the bank cannot be withdrawn.
- The full meaning of ATM is A. Automated Teller Machine B. Advanced Teller Machine
C. Automated Teller Module D. Automated Telephone Machine.
THEORY
- Mention five advantages of keeping money in the bank.
- Identify three problems associated with keeping money in the banks.
Social studies Lesson for junior secondary school – Edudelight.com
WEEK SIX
TOPIC: RESOURCES – NATURAL RESOURCES
Natural resources are raw materials supplied by nature. That is they are not man made.
Resources development is the changing of natural resources into useful product or finished goods.
Resource utilization means using resources to make wealth.
TYPES OF NATURAL RESOURCES
- Cash crop
- Minerals
- Food crops
SOME CASH CROP MINERAL RESOURSES
- Cocoa
- Timber
- Rubber
- Palm kernel
- Groundnut
SOME FOOD CROP, MINERAL RESOURSES
- Beans
- Rice
- Maize
- Fruits
- Yam
- Soya beans
SOME MINERAL, MINERAL RESOURSES
- Land
- Water
- Air
- Soil
- Lime stone
- Lead
- Zinc
- Iron ore
- Columbite
- Precious stones
- Tin
- Crude oil
EVALUATION
- What are Natural resources.
- List three Different types of natural resources.
HOW THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF NATURAL RESOURCES ARE DEVELOPED AND MANAGED
The natural resources are development from
- Production of raw materials
- Refining of raw materials
- Distribution and sale of raw materials
USEFULNESS OF NATURAL RESOURCES TO MAN
- Land is used for farming, house building
- Water is used to generate hydro –electric power, washing, drinking.
- Air is used to develop oxygen.
- Groundnut is used for producing peanut.
- Cocoa is used for beverages.
- Palm oil is used in soap making.
- Cotton is used for cloth making
- Timber is used for making doors and windows.
- Soya beans is used for forage and soil improvement and as food
- Cassava is used for garri.
- Limestone is used for cement.
- Gold is used for jewelries, rings, etc.
- Iron is used for metals such as iron and steel
- Hides and skin is used for drums
- Rubber is used for shoes.
- Coal is a major source of power from a sedimentary rock. It is suitable for the production of tar and synthetic fertilizer, for ordinary steam raising purposes including the generation of electricity and also for the manufacture of chemicals and liquid fuels as a result of its richness in hydrocarbons, waxes and resins.
- Tin and Columbite– are basement complex rock minerals of silvery malleable element that resist corrosion used for manufacturing heat resistant steel used in Jet engine.
- Marble- is a hard crystalline metamorphic rock that takes a high polish used for sculpture, building materials and for monuments.
- Natural Gas- is fossil fuel in the gaseous state produced during petroleum refinery used for cooking, heating up homes and industrial purposes.
- Petroleum (crude oil)- is a liquid mineral called black gold from which petrol, kerosene, diesel and other petrol chemical products are derived. It is originated from dead plants and animals matters deposited and transformed over a period of time by heat and pressure into sedimentary matters.
IMPORTANCE OF RESOURCES TO MAN
- It make products that are produced cheaper.
- It bring in foreign exchange when exported.
- It create jobs for people.
- it develop the country
- it provides goods and services
- It provides raw materials for our local industries.
- It helps to equip Nigerian people with the acquisition of technical skills
- It makes laudable contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
- It serves as source of foreign exchange earner to the government
- It helps to enhance the standard of living of the people.
- It helps to supply fuel and energy
- It helps to equip Nigerian people with the acquisition of technical skills
CONSERVATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES
What is conservation?
Conservation is the preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural resources. It is the keeping of our natural resources from being lost, wasted or damage.
WHY OUR ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES SHOULD BE CONSERVED
- For our next generation to enjoy it benefits.
- To support other community with these resources.
- To prevent waste.
- To develop our economy.
- Some are in limited quantity.
- Some processing cost is high.
HOW TO CONSERVE OUR ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES
- Avoid bush burning.
- Manure and fertilizers should be added to the soil to make the soil fertile.
- Throwing of waste materials into the rivers should be avoided.
- Wastage in the use of natural resources should be avoided.
EVALUATION
- Explain the Contribution of individual and organization to resource development
- What is conservation?
- List three reasons why natural resources should be conserved
- How cant natural resources are conserved.
GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTIONS / REVISION QUESTIONS
- What are Natural resources?
- List three Different types of natural resources.
- Explain the Contribution of individual and organization to resource development
- What is conservation?
- List three reasons why natural resources should be conserved
- How cant natural resources are conserved.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Macmillan Social Studies Book 2 by M.A. Orebanjo, I.O Osokoya, R.Acholoun et al Pages 95 – 110.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
- ______ are raw materials supplied by nature. A. matter B. Natural resources C. Wood D. House.
- Which of the following is not a type of natural resources. A. Cash crops
B. Mineral C. Food Crops D. Land
- All the following are examples of natural resources except A. limestone B. petroleum C. Iron ore
D. Computer.
- We don’t need to conserved our Environment for our next generation to enjoy it benefits. A. True B. False
- Bush burning should be encouraged as a way of conserving our environment. A. True B. False.
THEORY
- Mention five natural resources.
- Mention three usefulness of resources.
- Explain conservation of resources?
- List three reasons why natural resources should be conserved
- How cant natural resources are conserved.
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WEEK SEVEN
MEANING OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCE TO MEN
Harmful biological substance” means bacteria, virus or other microorganism or a toxic substance derived from or produced by an organism that can be used to cause death, injury or disease in humans, animals or plants.
Harmful substance are elements that are dangerous to human health. They are water, fruits, food and drugs that are unfit for human consumption.
Examples of Harmful Substances
Examples of harmful substances are:
- Stale food; this is food that is spoil, food that has stayed old is not fit for the body because it is very harmful to the body.
- Expired food and drugs; expired food and drinks that has stayed beyond the appropriate time
- Impure water; impure water is dirty water that is not fit for the body system
- Unripe fruits; fruits that is not yet due for eating.
- Infested food
- Poorly cooked food
- Cigarette
Results of taking in harmful substances
- It can lead to death.
- It leads to ill health.
- It causes body weakness.
- It affects the growth of a child.
Ways of preventing intake of harmful substances
- Use fewer products: We know that the more products you use, the more chemicals you are potentially exposed to. For example, a person using a typical array of everyday products–surface cleaner, tub-and-tile cleaner, laundry detergent, bar soap, shampoo and conditioner, facial cleanser and lotion, and toothpaste–is potentially exposed to 19 of the harmful chemicals we studied. So, keep it simple and use less.
- Use simple cleaners: Plain water mixed with baking soda or vinegar or Castile soap can be used for many cleaning tasks throughout the home. There are a variety of recipes for do it yourself cleaners available. Again, keep it simple, and clean like your grandmother
- Be safe in the sun: Sunscreens contain many problems chemicals. Avoiding the sun during peak hours, wearing wide-brimmed hats, and wearing tightly woven fabric cover-ups and sunglasses can block UV rays without any added chemicals, giving you an excuse to round out your summer wardrobe.
- Ensure your food is well cooked before eating.
- Expired food and drinks should be disposed off immediately before you become tempted to eat it.
- Leave in a clean and healthy environment
- Choose healthy lifestyle
- Avoid smoking or smoking areas
- Ensure your foods are well preserved and cooked before eating
- Expired food and drinks should be disposed off immediately
- Check expiry date of everything you consume
EVALUATION
- Define Harmful substance.
- Mention three examples of harmful substances.
- List three result of taking harmful substances.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Macmillan Social Studies Book 2 by M.A. Orebanjo, I.O Osokoya, R.Acholoun et al Pages 111 – 120.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
- Elements that are dangerous to human health is called (a) harmful substance (b) useful substance (c) important substance (d) additional substance
- One of the ways of preventing harmful substance is (a) engaging in drug abuse (b) use of fewer products (c) eating stale food (d) drinking impure water
- .Harmful substance can lead to the following except (a) death (b) good health (c) illness (d) disease
- .Examples of harmful substances are (a) stale food (b) expired food (c) well cooked food (d) infested food
- Living a harmful substance life is possible. True/ False
THEORY
- Define Harmful substance.
- Mention three examples of harmful substances.
- List three result of taking harmful substances.
- State three ways of preventing intake of harmful substances
WEEK EIGHT
NIGERIA: TRANSPORTATION AND INDUSTRY
TRANSPORTATION IN NIGERIA
Transportation is defined as the movement of people, goods and commodities from one place to another either by land, water or by air.
TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION
A. LAND TRANSPORT: This is the movement of people and goods from one place to another by land. Means of transportation by land include:
Human portage: This involves the use of human legs for movement i.e. trekking. This is basically applicable where the distance is not much.
Animal portage: This involves the use of certain animals like horse, donkey, camel, etc for movement. This is very common in the northern part of Nigeria.
Road transport: This involves the use of motor cars, buses, motor cycles, Lorries and trucks for movement.
In Nigeria, there are 3 types of roads:
(i) Trunk A Road: These are roads constructed and maintained by the federal government. They are dual carriage or express roads linking federal and State capitals. E.g. Lagos – Ibadan, Warri – Benin, Onitsha – Enugu, Kaduna – Zaria express road.
(ii) Trunk B Roads: Are roads constructed and maintained by the state government. They link different areas within a state. E.g. Ikeja – Ojota, Ogba – Oshodi, Mile 2 – Badagry, etc.
(iii) Trunk C (local) roads: are roads constructed and maintained by the local government. In most cases, these roads are not tarred.
Advantages of Road transportation
(1) It is the most common means of transportation.
(2) It provides door- to- door services.
(3) It makes goods available where they are scarce.
(4) It feeds water, rail and air transportation.
Disadvantages of Road Transportation
(1) Roads are very expensive to construct and maintain.
(2) Road is difficult to construct especially in the rainy season.
(3) Amount of goods and passengers carried by road is limited.
(4) Roads are more prone to accident than any other means of transportation
(5) They require adequate maintenance on a daily basis.
Limitations of Road Transportation
(1) Presence of high lands and other rugged relief.
(2) Presence of swampy areas.
(3) Soil erosion caused by heavy rain.
(4) Lack of finance to construct and maintain the roads.
Solutions
(1) Roads should be constructed on lowlands, passes or gaps around mountain areas.
(2) Construction of flyovers in marshy areas.
(3) Construction of bridges across rivers.
(4) Fund should be provided for road maintenance.
Rail Transport: This is transportation by rail i.e the use of Trains. Nigeria uses mostly narrow gauge railway lines.
Advantages of Rail Transport
(1) It is most convenient means of transporting bulky goods.
(2) It is cheap.
(3) It can move people and goods over a very long distance.
(4) It helps to open up new lands.
Disadvantages of Rail Transport
(1) It involves high cost of construction and maintenance.
(2) It is very slow (the slowest), and therefore not suitable for transporting perishable goods.
(3) Constant stopping in each station and changing of passengers waste a lot of time.
(4) It depends on roads to feed it with passengers.
Limitations of Rail Transport
(1) Rail transport is too slow.
(2) It has very low patronage and high competition with other forms of transport.
(3) Lack of spare parts, narrow gauge with single tracks.
(4) Inadequate funding.
(5) Lack of technical know-how.
Solutions
(1) Modern rail system with wide gauges and multiple tracks should be developed.
(2) People should be trained on rail maintenance.
(3) Rail transport should be properly funded.
(4) Spare parts should be made available.
(5) Railway fare should be cheap to attract passengers
EVALUATION
- Mention the types of transport.
- State the different types of road transport.
B. AIR TRANSPORT: This is movement of people, goods and services from one place to another by air. It involves the use of airplanes, helicopters, jets and rockets. We have 2 types of Airports. (i) International Airport and (ii) Local / Domestic Airports.
International Airports are airports where planes that fly outside the country can take off or land e.g. Muritala Mohammed International Airport (Lagos), Abuja International Airport (Abuja), Port Harcourt International Airport (PH).
Domestic (Local) Airports on the other hand are airports where planes that fly within the country i.e. from one state to another can take – off or land.
Advantages of air transport
(1) It is the fastest means of transport.
(2) It uses direct route.
(3) It can reach anywhere provided there are landing facilities.
(4) Airplanes can cross mountain, dense forest and large ocean with ease and great speed.
(5) Urgently required Medicare supplies, machine parts, express mails, etc are easily dispatched by air planes.
Disadvantages of air transport
(1) It is expensive to operate and maintain, especially the aircraft and airport facilities.
(2) It is very expensive (the most expensive).
(3) It is easily affected by bad weather, which makes visibility very poor.
(4) There is problem of safety as incidence of plane crashing and hijacking is becoming very common.
Limitations of air transport
(1) There is limited capital to construct airport
(2) There is problem of inadequate spare parts.
(3) Weather hazards.
(4) There is problem of low patronage due to its expensive nature.
(5) There is also the problem of poor management and inadequate security.
Solutions
(1) Loans should be sourced for the proper maintenance of airports and airplanes.
(2) Spare parts should be procured.
(3) Efficient management should be adapted.
EVALUATION
- State the advantages of air transport.
- What are the factors limiting the use of air transport?
C WATER TRANSPORT: This is the movement of people, goods and services by water.
Water transport is divided into 2 parts
(i)Ocean navigation
(ii) Inland water navigation.
Ocean navigation involves transportation by water between Nigeria other countries using the Oceans especially along the coast line, while inland water navigation involves navigation along the creeks, lakes, lagoons and rivers in Nigeria.
Advantages of water transport
(1) It is the cheapest means of transport between countries.
(2) The ocean is free for all Nation to use.
(3) It is used to move bulky goods from one country to another during international trade.
(4) Cost of construction and maintenance is low and only restricted to ships and ports.
(5) It is good for transporting goods over a long distance.
(6) It is relatively safe.
Disadvantages of water transport
(1) It is the slowest means of transportation when compared to Air and Land transport.
(2) Cost of acquiring a ship is very high.
(3) Cost of ship parts, construction and maintenance is high.
(4) Lack of technical know-how
Limitations of water transportation
(1) Presence of waterfalls, rapids and cataracts limit the use of rivers.
(2) Presence of floating vegetation.
(3) It is only useful in countries with coastlines and parts as against landlocked countries with no oceans or seas
(4) Seasonality of most rivers is a problem.
(5) Shallowness of most rivers is also a problem.
(6) There is also problem of sea sickness.
(7) Limited capital to construct seaports
Solutions
(1) Rivers should be dredged regularly
(2) Loans should be granted to construct and maintain seaports.
(3) Medical facilities on board should be improved.
(4) Construction of canals to bypass waterfall and cataracts.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF TRANSPORTATION TO THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA
(1) Movement of goods and services. (2) Movement of people.
(3) Specific purposes e.g. Air transport could be used for survey.
(4) National and International trade. (5) Opening up of new land and areas.
(6) National integration. (7) Development of tourism.
(8) Employment. (9) Generation of revenue.
PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORTATION
A Physical factors
– Presence of highlands – Distance i.e. long distance
– Presence of marshy areas – Presence of many rivers
– Soil erosion – Poor visibility
B. Human factors
– Lack of capital – Lack of technical know-how
– Low patronage – Bad roads
EVALUATION
- Describe water transportation in Nigeria.
- State the disadvantages of this mode of transport.
- What are the problems facing transportation in Nigeria?
GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTIONS
- What is transportation?
- State the mode of transportation.
- Which transport mode is considered the cheapest?
- State the advantages of land transport.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Social Studies, O.A. Iwena Pages 277-282.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
(1) The cheapest means of transportation is (a) Air (b) water (c) Rail (d) Road
(2) The best way to get an urgent Medicare service internationally is by (a) water transport
(b) Road transport (c) Air transport (d) Rail transport
(3) The safest means of moving goods and passengers from one country to another is by ________ transport (a) Air (b) Road (c) Rail (d) water
(4) The means of transport that is more prone to accident is (a) water (b) air (c) road (d) rail
(5) One advantage of inland water-ways is that (a) they are flexible (b) they are fast (c) goods are transported cheaply (d) it is affected by seasonality
THEORY
1) Mention the name of two, (i) Two international airports (ii) Two
Domestic airports
2) State four reasons why most manufacturing industries are sited in cities.
