Lesson Note on Business Studies JSS 3 Second Term
Business Studies for JSS 3 Second Term Learning Note
SCHEME OF WORK BUSINESS STUDIES JSS 3
WEEK TOPICS
- Personal Finance- Meaning, Source of Finance for Individual, Consumer and Choice, Scale of Preference. Modesty. Effects of Living Modestly.
- Trial Balance.
- Trading Account.
- Profit and Loss Account
- Balance Sheet
- Procedure of Making Payment and Receipt.
- Erasing Techniques Using-Rubber, Correction Liquid, Correction Paper. Erasing on the following: Top Copy, Carbon Copy and Carbon Copies.
- Memorandum- Purpose, Layout, Special Features. Personal Letters- Address, Date,Salutation, Body, Closing. Envelope Addressing.
- Business Letter-Heading, Opening, Body, Closing. Layout of Business Semi-blocked style, Modified block style. Business letters with Subject Heading, Enclosures, Letter-head Carbon Paper, Flimsy Paper.
- Simple Tabulation, Table creation, keyboard items into a table.
11& 12 Revisions & Examination
Edudelight Learning Note
WEEKONE
Topic: Personal Finance
Content:
- Meaning of Personal Finance
- Sources of Finance for Individuals
- Uses of Personal budget
- Meaning of Scale of Preference
- Modesty and its Attributes
Personal finance means the ways an individual manages his personal money and other assets. An individual may obtain funds from the following sources:
- Personal savings
- Loans from banks
- Borrowing from friends and relatives
- Trade credit or credit facilities from suppliers
USES OF PERSONAL BUDGET
A budget is an estimate of income and expenditure at a particular period of time. A budget may be prepared by an individual, business organizations and government. Governments prepare budgets annually.
However a personal budget can be used for the following:
- It helps in planning how to live within one’s income
- It discourages extravagant spending
- It shows how much is to be spent on each item of expenditure
- It enables family members to know their financial status
EVALUATION
1. What is personal finance?
2. Define a budget
SCALE OF PREFERENCE
This is the arrangement of an individual’s needs in order of priority.]This means the most needed item comes before luxuries.
MODESTY
Modesty is a situation whereby an individual lives within his/her income without being extravagant in spending. The attributes of modesty are the following:
- Living within one’s means
- Prudence
- Contentment
- Simplicity
Modest living will encourage self-control, prudent spending and discourage an individual from corrupt practices such as stealing, fraud, drug trafficking and bribery
CONSUMPTION AND CHOICE
Consumption means the amount of goods and services people buy and use. Everyone has needs and wants, but in most cases the money at hand is not always enough to buy all these needs, hence, an individual makes choice. Choice is the decision one makes among the items needed.
PREPARATION OF AN INDIVIDUAL BUDGET
The common items which are included in an individual’s personal budget are:
- Food
- House rent
- Medical care
- Education
- Clothing
- Personal care products
- Electricity and water rates
- Transport
- Religious commitments e.g tithes and offering
- Miscellaneous
READING ASSIGNMENT
Business Studies for Junior Secondary Schools, Book 3 by O.A Lawal et al pages 94-97
GENERAL REVISION QUESTIONS
1. What is an invoice?
2. Give five items that can be contained in an invoice.
3. Who issues an invoice?
4. Differentiate between an invoice and a pro forma invoice.
5. Differentiate between a debit note and a credit note.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
- The management of one’s personal money is termed as _____ A. budget B. scale of preference
C. personal finance D. consumption
- All these are sources of fund that may be available for an individual except____ A. loan from bank
B. trade credit C. issue of shares D. personal savings
- The arrangement of needs in order of importance is known as _____ A. personal finance B. choice
C. budget D,. scale of preference
- Governments prepare budget _____ A. monthly B. yearly C. quarterly D. bi-annually
- The estimate of income and expenditure is called_____ A. scale of preference B. consumption
C. budget D. personal finance
THEORY
- What is personal finance?
- Enumerate five essential items in a personal budget
- State two uses of a budget.
WEEK TWO
Topic: Trial Balance
Content:
- Meaning of Trial Balance
- Use of Trial Balance
- Extracting the Balances into Appropriate Columns of the Trial Balance
MEANING OF A TRIAL BALANCE
A trial balance is a list of debit and credit balances extracted from the ledger. The trial balance shows the arithmetical accuracy of ledger entries. Double entry book keeping requires that the totals of the debit column and that of the credit column of the trial balance agree.
Where the two sides of a trial balance do not agree, this suggests the presence of one or more errors in the ledger. However, the agreement of a trial balance does not necessarily mean that the accounts are without error as there are some errors that can occur but would not affect the agreement of a trial balance.
USES OF A TRIAL BALANCE
- The trial balance is used to show the arithmetical accuracy of postings made in the ledger
- The trial balance shows the summarized form of the balances of accounts in the general ledger at a glance
- It helps in the preparation of trading account, profit and loss account and the balance sheet.
FORMAT OF A TRIAL BALANCE
Lucy Enterprises
Trial Balance As At 31st December, 2002
Particulars Folio DR CR
—————————————————————————————————————–
N N
ILLUSTRATION 1
Prepare a trial balance from the following accounts:
Creditors. N2784, bank overdraft N1980 and Purchases N4764
SOLUTION
TRIAL BALANCE AS AT …………………..
DR CR
N N
Creditors —————————- 2784
Bank Overdraft———————– 1980
Purchases —————————– 4764
——- ——–
4764 4764
===== =====
ILLUSTRATION 2
Prepare a trial balance from the ledger account balances :
Capital N1,000, Creditors N100, Purchases N4764, Sales N5194,
Stocks N480, Debtors N100 and Cash N950
SOLUTION
TRIAL BALANCE AS AT ………………….
DR CR
N N
Capital——————————– 1000
Creditor————————————— 100
Sales ————————————— 5194
Purchases ——————————– 4764
Stocks——————————– 480
Debtors ———————————– 100
Cash in hand —————————– 950
——- ——–
6294 6294
. ===== =====
EVALUATION
- State the rules of posting entries into the trial balance
- State two uses of a trial balance
READING ASSIGNMENT
Business Studies for Junior Secondary Schools, Book 3 by O.A .Lawal et al pages 60-71
GENERAL REVISION QUESTIONS
1. What is a cash book?
2. Mention the types of cash book.
3. State the principle of double entry.
4. Draw the format of a ledger.
5. Which type of the cash book is similar to the format of a ledger?
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
- All expenses are ———– in the trial balance A. debited B. credited C. added D. deducted
2 All liabilities and incomes should be ——— A. debited B earmarked C credited D added
3 Which of the following is credited in the trial balance? A Loan B Purchases C Wages D rent
4 Drawings is ————- in the trial balance A. credited B. debited C added D deducted
5 All liabilities are ———— in the trial balance A debited B. credited C. added D. deducted
THEORY
- What is a trial balance?
- Sketch a format of the trial balance with at least seven entries on the credit side and fifteen entries on the debit side.
WEEK THREE
TOPIC: TRADING ACCOUNT
Content:
- Definition of Trading Account
- Purpose of Trading Account
- Terminologies Involved in the Preparation of Trading Account
- Working Exercise (Trading Account)
Definition of Trading Account: The Trading Account can simply be defined as an account prepared after the preparation of the trial balance in order to ascertain either the gross profit or gross loss of a trading concern.
Purpose of Trading Account: The purpose of preparing the trading account is to ascertain the profitability or otherwise of the business i.e. to arrive at the gross profit or gross loss of a business.
Terminologies Involved in The Preparation of The Trading Account
- Opening Stock: This is the value of the goods in stock at the beginning of a trading period.
- Purchases: This is the value of both cash and credit purchases (ie total purchases) during a given trading period.
- Purchases Returns or Returns Outwards: This is the value of goods which a business returned to its supplies for one reason or the other.
- Net Purchases: This is equal to total purchases less returns outwards or purchases less purchases returns for a given trading period.
- Cost Of Goods Available for Sale: This is arrived at by adding purchases to opening stock and deducting purchases returns (if any) from the above addition.
- Closing Stock: This is the value of goods left unsold at the end of a given trading period.
- Cost of Goods Sold: This is arrived at as follows:-
Opening stock + Purchases – Returns
Outwards – Closing stock or (cost of goods available for sales less closing stock).
- Gross Profit: This is the excess of the net sales over cost of goods sold.
- Gross Loss: This is the excess of cost of goods sold over the net sales.
- Net Sales: This is equal to sales or sales revenue ie (cash and credit sales) less sales return or return inwards.
- Returns Inwards or Sales Returns: This is the value of all goods returned by the customers of a business as not acceptable to them due to one reason or the other.
- Sales: This is the total value of all cash and credit sales of a business in a given trading period.
- Carriage Inwards: This is the carriage on purchases
Working Exercise of a Trading Account
Question: From the following trial balance of Diligent Stores Ltd, Draw up a trading for the year ended 31st December 2009:-
PARTICULARS DR CR
N N
Capital_________________________________ 22,636
Stock__________________________________ 2,368
Carriage outwards________________________ 200
Carriage inwards_________________________ 310
Returns inward__________________________ 205
Sales__________________________________ 18,600
Purchases ______________________________ 11,874
Return outwards_________________________ 322
Salaries and wages_______________________ 3,862
Rent __________________________________ 304
Insurance ______________________________ 78
Sundry expenses_________________________ 664
Advertising _____________________________ 216
General Expenses________________________ 480
Bank __________________________________ 10,482
Debtors _______________________________ 3,896
Motor Van______________________________ 350
Furniture and fittings_____________________ 1,800
Land and buildings ______________________ 5,000
Creditors ______________________________ 1,731
Drawings _____________________________ 1,200
43,289 43,289
Stock at 31st December 2009 was N3, 000
SOLUTION
DILIGENT STORES LTD
Trading, Profit & Loss Account For The Year Ended 31st December 2009
₦ ₦ ₦ ₦
Openingstock 2368 Sales 18,600 Add purchases 11,874 Less Sales Return 205
Add carriage Inwards 310 18,395
12,184 NET SALES
Less Purchase Returns 322
NET PURCHASES 11,862
COST OF GOODS AVAILABLE FOR SALE 14,230
Less Closing Stock 3,000
COST OF GOODS SOLD 11,230
Gross Profit c/d 7,165
18,395 18,395
NOTE: The above trading account is prepared using the conventional or “T” method. The vertical method will be used later.
EVALUTION
- Write a short note on trading account
- State the purposes of preparing a profit and loss account.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Business Studies by O.A. Lawal. Pages 72 to 76.
GENERAL REVISION QUESTIONS
1. What is a petty cash book?
2. Mention three items that can appear in the petty cash book.
3. Who keeps the petty cash book?
4. Define imprest system.
5. What is the amount of money given to the petty cashier at the beginning of the period called?
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
- A return outward is __________ Purchases A. added to B. deducted from C. Similar to
D. not related to.
- Purchases returns is the same as A. purchases journal B. Returns outwards C. net sale D. Returns outwards journal.
- Which of the following statements is correct? A. Net sales = sale + sale returns B. Cost of goods sold = opening stock + closing stock C. Gross profit = Net sales – cost of goods sold D. None of the above.
- Which of the following is posted to trading account? A. Carriage outwards B. Carriage inward
C. Rent D. Discount received.
- Which of the following equations is correct? A. Net profit = Gross profit + other incomes – total expenses B. Net sales + closing stock = gross profit C. opening stock + closing stock = cost of sales D. Sales – purchases = Net profit.
THEORY
- Write short notes on Trading Account
2. Prepare a format of a Trading Account showing its items
WEEK FOUR
TOPIC: PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT
Content:
- Definition of Profit and Loss Account (P & L Account)
- Purpose of Profit and Loss Account
Profit & Loss Account: This is an account prepared after the preparation of the Trading Account. It is debited with all operational expenses and credited with the gross profit and all other revenue accruing to a business.
Purpose of Preparing the Profit & Loss Account
The P&L account is prepared either to ascertain net profit or net loss.
Worked Example:
Question: From the trial balance of Diligent Stores Ltd above, you are required to prepare the Profit and Loss Account of the company for the year ended 31st December, 2009.
Solution
DILIGENT STORES LTD
Profit & Loss Account for the year ended 31st December 2009.
N N
Less EXPENSES: Gross profit brought 7,165
Carriage outwards 200 down from Trading
Salaries and wages 3,862 Account 7,165
Rent 304
Insurance 74
Sundry expenses 664
Advertising 216
General expenses 480
NET PROFIT 1,361
7,165 7,165
EVALUATION
- Write a short note on profit and loss account.
- State the purpose of preparing a profit and loss account.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Business Studies by O.A. Lawal. Pages 77 to 80
GENERAL REVISION QUESTIONS
1. What is a petty cash book?
2. Mention three items that can appear in the petty cash book.
3. Who keeps the petty cash book?
4. Define imprest system.
5. What is the amount of money given to the petty cashier at the beginning of the period called?
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
- Which of the following is an item in the profit and loss account? A. sales B. purchases C. carriage inward D. carriage outward.
- All of the following are expenses in the profit and loss account except__ A. discount received B. electricity C. discount allowed D. rent and rates.
- ____ is an item credited in profit and loss account. A. insurance B. drawings C. rent received D. salaries and wages.
- The purpose of preparing profit and loss account is to ascertain the ______of the business A. net profit /gross loss B. net income C. gross profit /gross loss D. net profit/ /net loss.
- In the profit and loss account all expenses are___ A. debited B. credited C. closed down D. added to the gross profit.
THEORY
- Write short notes on Profit and Loss account.
- Prepare a format of a Profit and Loss Account with four items on the credit side and twelve items or entries on the debit side.
WEEK FIVE
TOPIC: BALANCE SHEET
Contents:
- Definition,
- Heading, classification of assets into fixed and current assets and liabilities into capital and current liabilities.
DEFINITION OF BALANCE SHEET
Balance sheet can be defined as a statement showing the assets and liabilities of a business as at a given date. A balance sheet is not an account and so it does not have debit or credit side. Also it does not have balance brought down or balance carried down.
CLASSIFICATION OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
Assets: These are the valuable resources of a business. Among these resources we have the ones that are more permanent in nature and others less permanent. The more permanent assets e.g. land and buildings, office equipment plant and machinery furniture and fittings, motor vehicles, etc are referred to as fixed assets. The less permanent ones are referred to as current assets. Examples of current assets are: stock, trade debtors, bills receivable cash at bank, cash in hand, etc.
Capital: This is worth the business owes the owner of the business. In other words, capital is the amount which is used to establish a business.
Current Liabilities: are the debts a business owes outsiders which should be repaid within one year. Examples are trade creditors, bank overdraft, accrued expenses, bills payables, etc. A format of a balance sheet is as follows:-
BALANCE SHEET
As at 31st Dec 20
N
Capital XXX Fixed Assets N
Add Net Profit XX Land and Building XX
XXX Plant and machinery XX
Less Drawings XX Motor vehicle XX
XXX Office Equipment XX
XXX
Current Liabilities
Trade creditors XX Current Assets
Bank overdraft XX Stock XX
Accrued expenses XX Debtors XX
Cash XXX
XXX XXX
EVALUATION
- Define a balance sheet
- List four examples of fixed assets
Reading Assignment
Read Business studies for JSS 3 by O. A. Lawal pages 86 to 90.
GENERAL REVISION QUESTIONS
1. What is a trial balance?
2. Where do you prove the accuracy of double entry book keeping?
3. Define balance sheet
4. State three current liabilities
5. List three current assets
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
- Balance Sheet is_____ A. assets and liabilities B. income and expenditure of a business C. the principal book of account where all entries in the subsidiary books are posted to D. a statement showing the assets and liabilities of a business as at a given date
- An example of fixed asset is A. debtors B. creditors C. motor van D. bills receivable
- _______ is a current asset A. Stock B. Furniture C. Drawings C. Bills payable
- _________ is a current liability A. Stock B. Machinery C. Drawings D. Bills payable
- The amount a business owes the owner(s) is called A. assets B. liabilities C. capital D. drawings
THEORY
- Write short Notes on (a) Assets (b) Liabilities (c) Drawings
- Prepare a format of a balance sheet with at least ten items.
WEEK SIX
TOPIC: PROCEDURES FOR MAKING PAYMENT
Content:
- Meaning i.e cash, bank transfer, cheque, bank draft, e-payment.
- Wages and Salaries Office.
- Methods of Paying Wages.
- Store Records-Delivery Note, Gate Pass.
There are various means of settling a bill in business transactions. They include:
- payment by cash
- Payment by cheque: This is done by instructing the bank to pay our supplier from the money in our bank accounts.
- Payment by bank draft: A bank draft is a means of payment which the bank is guaranteeing on behalf of this customer. While a customer’s cheque can bounce, the bank draft cannot. The cheque and bank draft means of payment enables us to pay a large sum of money without the risk of carrying physical cash
EVALUATION
- Give the means of making payment.
- Define a cheque.
WAGES AND SALARIES OFFICE:
The wages and salaries office is a section in an accounts department which is responsible for preparation and payment of wages or salaries of employees in the organization. This office keeps good accounting records of all the wages and salaries earned by the staff in the organization.
THE ROLES OF WAGES AND SALARIES OFFICE
- Preparation of Vouchers: A voucher can be defined simply as a document representing evidence of payment
- Preparation of Payrolls: They prepare payrolls i.e. tabulated statement of salaries and wages entitlement
- Issuance of pay Advice:- They issue pay advice. The pay advice is a document issued to staff members of a business organization indicating the net amount of salary payable to a staff after deductions.
- Calculation of Wages: The term wages usually refers to payment given to non-permanent worked staff or labour in the factory and one-of engagement. Such amount can be curried out using hours worked multiplied by rate of pay per hour. Alternatively, it can be calculated using the units of production. This method is calculated using number of units produced multiplied by the rate of pay per unit.
A given amount of bonus can also be added to any of the above methods as required by management.
METHODS OF PAYING WAGES
- Time rate: This is a system of paying wages to workers based on time spent on the job which can be hourly or on a day’s work
- Piece rate: The amount earned as wages is related to the work done. This method can acts as an incentive to increase output.
- Profit-sharing method: This is a method of paying wages under which a worker gets a standard wage and also gets an agreed part of the profit.
- Commission basis: Usually this system applies to salesmen who are paid a certain percentage of their total sales. While in some organizations salesmen are paid only a commission, in other organizations salesmen have a fixed wages and they are paid a certain percentage of their total sales.
- Premium bonus system: This is a system where a worker is offered a bonus for time saved. Here wages are paid based on a standard time for a given job. For instance, where two hours are given as a standard time to complete a job and a worker is able to satisfactorily complete the job in one hour, then such worker receives a bonus for one hour saved for the organization.
STOCK RECORDS
Stock refers to goods which are offered for sales or material which are to be used for production. In businesses, raw materials for producing goods and equipment needed for making other goods can be kept in a store. Hence, a store is a place where materials or goods are kept for future use.
In order to avoid theft, pilfering, shortage or loss, proper stock records are compulsory in business organization. The store records as used in organization include the following:
- Stock Requisition Form
This document is used to collect stocks from the store. It stipulates the quantity of stocks required and the reason for the request. This document helps to ensure orderliness in the movement of stocks in and out of the store. It helps also to detect theft of stocks from the store.
- Stock Card
This is a document prepared for each item of material to show how stock is being issued from the store, the date on which the item is being issued, the department that made the request and the balance in the store.
- Purchase Requisition Form
This is the document completed by the purchase department whenever the stock falls to a reorder level and stock needs to be replenished.
- Delivery Note/Gate Pass: This is a document that serves as an evidence or proof that a certain quantity of goods has been authorized to be carried from the store. The storekeeper must sign this and it must be prepared in four copies: a copy for the store, one as agate pass, the original for the person collecting the goods from the store and the last copy is retained in the book.
STOCK – TAKING
This is the physical count of stocks in the store periodically. It could be quarterly, monthly, annually or bi-annually.
Advantages or importance of stock – taking:
- It helps to prevent theft of stocks
- It enables the stock keeper to know the minimum and maximum re-order levels
- It helps to reveal slow-moving stocks
- It helps to prevent pilfering of stock
- It enables the accounts department to ascertain the end –of-the year figure for stock for final accounts preparation.
Types of Stock Taking
- Annual stock taking
- Periodic stock taking
- Perpetual stock taking
EVALUATION:
- What is stock taking?
- Explain stock requisition
Reading Assignment:
Business Studies for Jss 3 by O. A. Lawal pages 1- 21
GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTIONS
- Mention seven departments that can be found in any large organisations
- State one function of each of the department mentioned above
- Mention at least three departments found in your school
- List the factors of production and their respective rewards
- Give the other name for entrepreneur
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
- Which of the following is not a means of payment? A. Cheque B. Currency C. Bank draft D. Teller
- Which of the following means of payment is the safest for the sellers? A. coins B. cheque C. goods D. bank draft.
- A pay advice is also known as a _______A. voucher B. invoice C. payroll D. pay slip.
- _____________ is a method of calculating wages A. hourly rate B. staff rate C. quarterly rate
D. all of the above.
- Stock requisition note is used to A. collect stock from the store B. send goods to the store C. buy goods from the suppliers D. sell goods to the customers.
THEORY
- State and describe the three means of making payment.
- State two roles of wages and salaries office
- List three items that could constitute deductions on payroll
WEEK SEVEN
TOPIC: ERASING TECHNIQUES
Content:
Rubber techniques with
- Rubber eraser
- Correction liquid.
- Correction Paper
- Erasing on the following:
- Top Copy
- Carbon Copy
Standard Paper Sizes and their Uses
ERASING TECHNIQUES
In typewriting work, errors and mistakes must be corrected. To produce accurate documents all errors must be neatly corrected. When errors are found in a typed work, the following materials can be used to erase the error:
- Typing eraser
- Correction fluid
- Correction paper
Typing Eraser
If the typewriter eraser is being used, first move the carriage so that the mistake is outside the type basket. Then turn up the paper so that the error, or mistake rests on the erasing table of the carriage. Erase gently to avoid making a hole in the paper. Return the paper to the typing line and type the correct letter(s) or word(s) .
Rubber Eraser
If the rubber eraser is being used, lightly rub the mistake up and down until the mistake is cleared. Return the paper to the typing line and type the correct letter(s) or word(s).
Correction Fluid
Where the correcting fluid is being used, rub the tin liquid across the mistake, and allow to dry. After making the correction, return the roller to the line of typing and type in the correction. Tip-Ex is an example of correction liquid.
Correction Paper
This is mechanical paper treated with fluid and powder. To use it, place the coated part of the paper on the affected characters. Then type correction on the correction paper and remove the paper from the machine.
MATERIALS FOR ERASING INCLUDE:
1 Tipp-ex/ correcting fluid
2 Typing eraser
3 Automatic typing eraser
4 Red liquid fluid.
CORRECTION OF ERRORS ON THE COMPUTER
When an error is done on computer, making correction of such error is easy on the computer. The computer makes it easy to make correction to typed written work without interfering with the text or erasing the text. To add delete or add a letter or words(s), you move the cursor to certain points in a document without erasing the text it passes through.
In Microsoft Word, there are three methods through which corrections can be made:
- By using the backspace key: This deletes the wrong letter or word(s) and the correct letter/word is then typed.
- By using the insert key. Bring the cursor to the first letter of the wrong word, then press the insert key and type the correct word. The insert key is a toggle key; that is , when the key is pressed, it starts the action it is expected to do until it is pressed again to stop the action.
- By moving the cursor to the position the omitted letter or word should occupy and simply type in the letter or word.
EVALUATION
1. Explain typing basket.
- List three typewriting errors correcting materials
STANDARD PAPER SIZES AND THEIR USES
TOPICS:
In the office, various sizes and kinds of typing papers are in use. The most widely used is the A
series. The basic sizes, A0, is approximately one square metre (84-1189mm). A1 is exactly half
of A0. A2 is half of A1. A3 is half of A2. A4 is half of A3 while A5 is half half of A4. Paper can
either be placed in a portrait position or in a landscape position or in a landscape position. When
the shorter side of the paper is at the top, it is the portrait position. When the longer side of the
paper is a t the top, It is the landscape position.
The standard paper sizes and their uses are shown in the diagram below.
| KINDS OF PAPER | SIZE (In millimeters approx) No of Spaces USES | |||||
| LENGTH | Width | Vertical | Horizontal pica | Elite | ||
| Foolscap | 330 | 203 | 78 | 80 | 96 | Table, reports, minutes and letters |
| A4 landscape | 297 | 210 | 50 | 117 | 141 | As above |
| A4 portrait | 210 | 297 | 70 | 82 | 100 | As above |
| A5 landscape | 148 | 210 | 35 | 82 | 100 | As above |
| A5 portrait | 210 | 148 | 50 | 59 | 70 | Programmes & invitations |
| A6 | 148 | 105 | 25 | 59 | 70 | Post cards index cards, advertisement and envelopes |
EVALUATION:
State the different sizes of paper used for typing
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read page 108 of BUSINESS STUDIES for JSS3 by O. A. LAWAL and others
GENERAL REVISION QUESTIONS
1. What is a trading account?
2. State five items that can be found in a trading account
3. Define a pro forma invoice.
4. Distinguish between a debit note and a credit note
5. What is a statement of account?
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Which of the following method of correcting error is allowed to dry before correction is effected?
A. Rubber eraser B. correcting fluid C. Red ink D. Pencil eraser
2. ———- is NOT a material for the correction of typewriting errors.
A. Red fluid B. Tipp-ex C. Rubber eraser D. Automatic typing eraser.
- Which of these types of paper sizes can be used for long letters and report? D. A6 B. A4 C. A7
D. Quarto.
- Which of these paper sizes is good for typing medium letters? A. Quarto B. A4 C. A5 D. A6.
- Which of the following cannot lead to typing error? A. Sitting position of the typist B. Level of
training of the typist C. Quality of manuscript D. Brand of the typewriter.
THEORY
1. List three materials used for correcting errors in typing and explain how they are used.
2. Explain five approaches to preventing typing errors.
3. Draw out the following sizes of paper.
i. A4 Portrait
ii. A5 Landscape
WEEK EIGHT
TOPIC: MEMORANDUM
CONTENT:
- Purpose, Layout, Special Features of Memorandum
- Personal Letters
- Envelopes Addressing
PURPOSE OF MEMORANDUM
A memorandum or memo is an internal communication within an organization. Such written communication between the personnel and accounts departments or between the marketing and accounts departments are examples of memo. A memorandum is also shortened as a memo.Because a memo is between staff in the same organization, it does not have:
- Address
- Salutation such as Dear Sir, Dear Madam, etc
- No complimentary close e.g yours faithfully, Yours truly, etc.
LAYOUT OF A MEMORANDUM
The following is an example of a memo:-
MEMORANDUM
FROM: Director To: All Teacher
Ref: BO/OA Date: 24 Aug. 2009
Subject: IN-SERVICE TRAINING
This is to inform you that there will be an in-service training today after the school hours in the boys Oyeyemi dining hall
Director/Principal
Oyeyemi B.(Ph.D)
PERSONAL LETTERS
A personal letter, also known as a private letter, is a written communication from someone to a friend, parent, uncle etc. But when it is from someone to a firm it is regarded as an official letter because the address, language, the salutation and complimentary close of such a letter will be official or formal.
A personal letter has the following parts:
(i) Writer’s address, written on the righ-hand corner
(ii) date; written below the writer’s address;
(iii)Salutation, given on the left margin
(iv) body of the letter;
- Complimentary close
(vi) name of the writer
ENVELOPE ADDRESSING:
When a business letter is to be sent to the addressee, it is usual to enclose it in an envelope.
In order to type an address on an envelope proceed as follows:
- Select an envelope large enough to contain the letter and the enclosure, if any.
- Type the name and address parallel to the long side of the envelope
- The address should be started stightly above the middle of the envelope, horizontally and vertically,
- Type the envelope in single or double line spacing Single spacing for small envelopes and double for large envelopes. Either the blocked or indented style can be used.
TYPING ON POSTCARDS
Acknowledgement of letters, orders, etc is sometimes sent to customers on postcards. Postcards are never enclosed in envelopes as they contain nothing of secret or personal nature. One side of the postcard contains the name and address of the firm sending it, the reference, date and the message. A postcard, like the memo, does not contain salutation and complimentary close. Both sides of the postcard can be used as follows:-
- Leave 1 inch (ie 25mm) top margin and type in single line spacing between paragraphs
- Use ½ inch (13 mm) left and right margin.
- On the other side of the post card the addressee’s and addresser’s are typed in exactly the same way as addressed and typed on ordinary envelopes.
EVALUATION
- What is a memo?
- Explain the term personal letter
READING ASSIGNMENT
Reading JSS 3 Business Studies by O.A. Lawal pages 148 to 150
GENERAL REVISION QUESTIONS
1. What is trade by barter?
2. Mention two problems of trade by barter.
3. Define trade
4. Give the main division of trade.
5. List six parts of typewriter.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
- The written internal communication within an organization is called A. postcard B. sentences C. letter D. memo
- One of the following should not have both solution and complimentary close A. letters B. private letter C. postcard D. registered letter
- Which of the following is not meant for confidential information? A. Business letters B. private letters
C. post cards D. memos
- Yours faithfully is an appropriate complimentary close for _____ A. Memos B. postcards C. friendly Letters D. officials letters
- Which type of communication contains the address of the addressee and that of the addresser?
A. Envelope B. memo C. business letter.
THEORY
- Explain in full the postcard
- Write a letter to your class teacher Business Studies Teacher asking him/her to advise you on career opportunities in business Education.
WEEK NINE
TOPIC: BUSINESS LETTERS
CONTENT:
- Layout
- Fully blocked style
- Semi – blocked style
- Subject heading
- Enclosures
- Letterhead
- Carbon paper
- Flimsy paper.
INTRODUCTION:
A business letter is also known as an official or formal letter. Some of the distinguishing features of a formal letter are: (i) the two addresses of the addressee and the addresser, (ii) the salutation, etc
LAYOUT
This is the style of display of a letter. There are two styles which we will consider here – the fully blocked and the semi-blocked layouts.
Fully-blocked style: in this style
- If you are using a letterhead paper fill in the dotted lines for the Reference and the day.
- If you are using a plain A4 paper, begin typing the Reference and the date on the 12th single line space from the top edge of the paper.
- If you are using plain A5 paper begin typing the Reference and the date on the 9th single line space from the top edge of the paper.
- Single line spacing should be used for lengthy letters, with double line spacing between paragraphs.
- Double line spacing should be used for short letters, with double line spacing between paragraphs.
- Note that the addressee’s name and address must be typed in single line spacing.
EXAMPLE
Our Ref
8th November, 20…….
Mr. Obi Oyo
187, Dawudu Road
Asaba
Dear Sir,
This letter is typed in fully blocked style; in single line spacing but with double line spacing between the paragraphs
Other features of a fully – blocked letter style are that each part of the letter beginning from the Reference to the enclosure sign (where any), begins from the left margin.
Yours faithfully,
BABATUNDE ADEREMI
Training Manager
For comparison the example of a semi-blocked or indented style of Business letter is as follows:
Our Reference ________ Date_______
The Principal
Good Shepherd Comprehensive High School
3, Olayinka Street
Meiran
Lagos.
Dear Sir,
We have received your letter stating that you have not received the books sent to your bookshop last week.
We wish to assure you that if the books are not received by Wednesday next week we shall send you new ones on Friday and hope you will return the first consignment wherever they are received by you.
We apologize for any inconvenience this delay has caused your teachers and students.
Yours faithfully,
CHIBUKE MADU
Sales Manager
- Business Letter with Subject Heading: Usually all business letters carry subject heading. This is the title of the letter printing to what it is all about. Subject headings help for proper filing and referencing. Example
Dear Sir,
Application for Distributorship
In reply to your advertisement in the Daily Times of Wednesday 10th of November, 20….., we hereby apply as a distributor to your company……
- Business Letters with Enclosures: Where a parcel, cheque or any important item is attached to a letter attention is drawn to this by the sign Enc. Or Attach typed of the end of the letter after the complimentary close. It reminds the receiver of such a letter to look out for the item
- Business Letters Typed on Letterhead: almost all business letters are typed on official letterhead of the organization concerned. The letter head is the printed paper carrying the organization logo, address, bankers, telephone lines and other particulars. Such letterheads are informative and make the business letters more formal or business – like.
- Carbon Papers: At least one carbon paper must be used for every business letter. A carbon paper enables the typist to make a duplicate copy from the typewriter of the letter being typed without the need for a photocopy machine. A carbon copy of every business letter must be retained and filed for reference hence the use of carbon paper.
- Flimsy Papers are specially light typing sheets to be used when several copies of a letter are to be produced using the carbon paper. The flimsy papers thus enable the several typed copies to be clear and legible.
EVALUATION
1. Mention two differences between a business letter and a personal letter
2. State two differences between fully-blocked and semi-blocked styles in business letter.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read pages 127 and 128 of Business Studies for J.S.S 3 by O.A. Lawal and others.
GENERAL REVISION QUESTIONS
1. List five documents handled by a receptionist.
2. Mention four office machines.
3. State the aids to trade.
4. What is a typewriter?
5. List six parts of typewriter.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. In a fully-blocked style of business letter the typing should start from A. right margin B. top edge of paper C. left margin D. bottom margin.
2. The light type of typing sheets used for many duplicate copies are called__ A. carbon paper B. flimsy
papers C. duplicate papers D. Photostat copies.
3. Ref in business letters stands for A. referendum B. referee C. reference D. reflex.
4. Using the typewriter, the typist can produce several copies of a document by means of ____ papers
A carbon B. backing C. duplicate D. sheet.
5. The abbreviation “Enc.” means _____in business letters A. reference B. encounter C. enclosure
D. enclave.
6. Which of these shows that a letter has something attached to it? A. Remark B. Enc. C. Ref D. Parcel
THEORY
1. Write a short note on business letter.
2. State three differences between a semi block and fully block styles of business letter.
WEEK TEN
TOPIC: SIMPLE TABULATION
CONTENT:
- Tabulation
- Table Creation
- Keyboard Items into a table
Meaning of a Table
A table is a structure made up of rows and columns and used to organize data. Tables are very good for presenting figuresand statistics.
Tabulation involves arranging items in columns. In a tabular arrangement therefore,
Items stand out below each other, vertically, and on the same line as another in the next
column, if horizontally.
A tabular work has the following features:-
1.Top and bottom margins are equal, if vertical display.
2 Left and right margins are equal, if a horizontal display.
3 Equal spaces between the columns, usually odd number spaces such as 3, 5 or 7
spaces.
4 Left and right margins, being equal, the table is centred over the page
NOTE
1 The effectiveness of any display work, particularly, in tabulation, depends on correct
horizontal calculation.
2 Ensure correct width of your paper on the typewriter
3 Pica and elite typewriters have six standard spaces to a vertical 1 inch (25 mm).
4 Horizontal spacing: Pica – 10 characters (horizontal spaces = 1 inch). Elite – 12 characters (horizontal spaces = 1 inch).
CREATING A TABLE IN MICROSOFT WORD
To create a table, do the following:
- Start a new word document
- From the menu bar, click on table.
- From the menu that drops down, click insert
- A sub-menu appears and from the sub-menu, click insert.
For instance, one can create a table for ten natural resources and their locations in Nigeria. The first step is to type the headings.
The table will have two columns and ten rows. The number of columns and the number of rows will be adjusted. Then click OK button. Your table will look like this:
The boxes in the table as drawn in the Microsoft Word are called cells. You can go ahead and type into cells
TWO-COLUMN TABULAR DISPLAY
| NATURAL RESOURCES | LOCATION |
| Coal | Enugu |
| Crude Oil | Rivers |
| Tin | Plateau |
| Limestone | Kogi |
| Groundnuts | Kano |
| Timber | Delta |
| Cocoa | Oyo |
| Palm Oil | Imo |
FOUR-COLUMN TABULAR DISPLAY
SUBJECT LECTURERS
| SHORTHAND ‘BOLA | TYPEWRITING NWOYE | BUSINESS STUDIES SHUAIBU | COMMERCE MARTINS |
| MATHEMATICS MUKORO | PHYSICS ADAMS | CHEMISTRY LIZA | BIOLOGY UWAH |
EVALUATION
1 What are the typewriting typefaces?
2 What is most important in the effectiveness of any display work?
READING ASSIGNMENT
Business studies for JSS3 by O. A Lawal and others pages 152-154.
GENERAL REVISION QUESTIONS
1. State the principle of double entry.
2. Give three examples of current assets.
3. What is a capital?
4. What is the reward of capital?
5. State the other name for entrepreneur as a factor of production
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1 Pica and elite typewriters have ——— standard spaces to a vertical 1 inch (25 mm)
A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8
2 For a vertical display top and bottom margins must be ————-
A. odd number B. unequal C. equal D. even number
3 To centre the table heading, the left and right margins must be ————-
A. equal B. even C. odd number D. unequal
4 The odd-number spaces between columns helps to insert ————
A. missing words B. missing letters C. lines D. decorations
5 To ensure the correct width of your paper on the typewriter by inserting the paper with left edge on
scale point ———- A. 25mm B. 0 C. 2 D. 3
THEORY
1 Display with your typewriter the manuscript in Exercise 5 on page 155.
2 In an A4 landscape how many characters are there in a pica typewriter?
very helpful