Agricultural Science Lesson note for JSS2 (Basic 7) Second Term

Lecture Note on Agriculture Science JSS2 Second Term

J.S.S 2 SCHEME OF WORK AGRICULTURE

1. Farm structures and building

Meaning and types

2. Animals feed and feeding

Meaning and types of feeds

3. Classification of livestock feed

4. Factors to consider before deciding animal feeds

5. Animals pests and diseases.

Definition

Causes of diseases in farm animal

6. Farm animal diseases and control

Bacteria

Fungal

Viral

Protozoan

7. Farm animal diseases

8. Farm animal diseases

9. Farm animals diseases

10.Revision

11-12                           Examination

WEEK ONE

FARM STRUCTURES LECTURE NOTE

Meaning of farm structure

Farm structures are simple erections which are constructed in the farm site to make farm operations easier.  They are usually very simple building which to are not made from concrete.  Farm structures are constructed to serve specific purpose on the farm.  They could be temporary or permanent dispending on their uses or the purpose they serve.

MEANING AND TYPES

1. PROCESSING STRUCTURES:  These are structures used for the processing of different kinds of farm produce.  They include shelling or hulling barns, smoking houses, slaughter shed, milk pasteurizing shed, drying shed, cassava mill, and rice mill.  In addition, processing structures also include sheds designed and erected to accommodate (house) processing machines such as grinding machines, feed mills, oil palm press and rice mill.
2. STORAGE STRUCTURES:  These are used for storing farm produce of different kinds.  They include the following:
3. Yam barn for storing yam;
4. Silos for storing grains;
5. Cribs for storing unshelled maize;
6. Rhumbus for storing grains;
7. Compost pit for storing compost manure and
8. Silage pit.
9. UTILITY STRUCTURES:  These are structures which provide service for the whole farm.  They are useful for every aspect of the farm.  Utility structures are wells, fences, dams, boreholes, irrigation carnals, animals dips, spray and water tanks
10. DAMS:  A dam is a structure used to hold water across a river a stream.  They are made with stones, wood, mud or concrete.  Dams make water available all year round for irrigation of crops, water for animals to drink and other farming operations.
11. CANALS:  These are structures used to control the flow of water on the farm.  There are two types of canals.  These are the irrigation canal which are constructed to carry water form rivers, lakes or streams to the field where crops are growing.  The drainage canal however, is a kind of gutter which is constructed for removing excess water from the farm.
12. FENCES:  These are constructed round the farm to serve various purpose such as:
13. To protect crops and animals
14. To prevent thieves from gaining access to the farm;
15. To mark or demarcate boundaries;
16. To control farm animals grazing and breeding habit and;
17. To prevent animals from destroying the crops.

Fences are of different types such as the barbed wire fence; bamboo fence; wall (concrete) fence, electric fence, wire netting fence; post and range fence; and hedge or live fence.

• MAINTENANCE STRUCTURES:  These are structures built for the purpose of maintaining farm tools and implements.  A major examples is the shed used as workshop such as for woodwork or metal work where tools are being repaired on the farm
• FARM SHELTER:  These are simple buildings erected at different points in the farm for various purposes.  They are constructed from cheap and locally available materials and are usually abandoned or destroyed as soon as the farming operation for which they were built is completed.  Hence, they are also called ‘temporary buildings’ or ‘make shifts’.  Commonly constructed farm shelters include sheds for rest or protection of farmers (workers) during rain or harsh sun; sheds for keeping machines, equipment and tools being used on a site, sheds for temporary storage of harvested produce before marketing or proper storage and nurseries for raising seedlings.

WEEK 2

FEED OF FARM ANIMALS LECTURE NOTE

The food given to farm animals is called livestock feed or simply put ‘feed’.  The livestock farmer must supply his animals with the appropriate quantity and quality of feed for:

1. Growth
2. Repair of worn out tissues
3. Energy
4. General well being of animals
5. High production of animal produce such as milk, meat, and egg production

TYPES OF FEED

Animals are fed with different kind of feeds which vary in composition and uses.  Hence, they are classified according to the quantity of fibre and moisture in the feed into four.  These are:

1. Basal or energy feeds
2. Concentrates
3. Roughages
4. Supplements and additive

Basal of Energy Feeds

Basal feeds are feeds made to supply energy to the animals.  They have crude fibre content less than 18%.  They usually make up 60-90% of livestock ration.  Examples are maize, rice, millet, guinea corn, roots and tubers like yam and cassava.  Basal feed must be supplemented to meet the growth and maintenance need of farm animals.

Characteristics

It is high in carbohydrates or starchy food

It is low in fibre

It is low in protein

It lacks vitamins and importance minerals.

It is highly digestible,

It is acceptable to most farm animals especially the monogastrics.

Concentrates

These are feed or feed mixtures which provide all the primary dietary needs of farm animals.  It may be either whole grain feeds or mixture of basal and supplement feed.  Concentrates may be high in energy called energy concentrates or high in protein called protein concentrates.  They have high nutritive value because they are important sources of energy, protein, minerals and vitamins.  Examples are blood meal, bone meal, fish meal, groundnut cake, palm kernel cake, oyster shell cake, cottonseed cake and coconut cake.  They are usually fed to monogastrics but can be used as supplements for some herbivores

Characteristics Concentrates

It has low fibre content

It may be high in protein or energy

It is highly digestible

It is low in minerals

Roughages

Roughages are feeds which are high in fibre content.  They add bulk to animal feeds and are relatively less digestible.  Roughages are poor in nutritive value hence, animals fed on roughage need supplements.  Roughages are fed mostly to ruminants (cattle, sheep and goat).  This is because other animals cannot digest hem.  They include the vegetative part of plants or dry (preserved) vegetative matters.  Roughages include:

1. Succulent feed:  This is also called fresh forage or wet roughages.  It include grasses, legumes, cereals and root crops grown for soilage (grazing) or silage.  Silage refers to succulents which are stored in air-light containers such as silos in order to preserve their freshness.
2. Fodder or dry roughages
3. Hay:  This is the young and succulent parts of grasses, legumes and other plant cut and dried for feeding animals.  It is a cheap source of food for ruminants during the dry season.  It is higher in nutrient than straw.
4. Straw:  This refers to the parts of harvested crops or grasses cut and stored for future use.  After the ripe seeds have been harvested the remains of plants are cut, dried and fed to animals during the dry season.
5. Chaff:  This is the husk separated from grain during threshing.  It is got from threshed grains such as maize, rice, cowpea an others.

Characteristics roughages

They are high in fibre

They are low in protein and digestible carbohydrate.

They have poor digestibility

Supplements and Additives

Feed supplements are added to the main feed to supply nutrients that are lacking in the main feed or diet of the animals.  They may be supplied separately or mixed with the feeds.  Feed supplement include:

Cotton seed cake,

Soya bean meal,

Groundnut cake,

Egg shell meal,

Oyster shell meal,

Bone meal,

Fish meal,

Salt licks,

Lime stone,

Vitamins.

Fodder

WEEK 3

CLASSIFICATION OF FEED

Animals feed can be classified according to the nutrients they supply into the following:

1. Carbohydrates:  these provide energy to farm animals for their activities such as growth, reproduction and milk production.  Examples include maize, rice, millet.
2. Protein:  This is needed for growth and repair of worn-out tissues and fro production of antibodies.  Examples of protein are fishmeal, bone meal, poultry offal, soya bean meal, groundnut cake, palm kernel cake and others.
3. Fats and oil:  This supply energy and keep the body temperature under control.   Fats include palm oil, coconut meal, lard, cotton meal cake and so on.
4. Minerals:  These help to carry out vital body functions such as bone and teeth formation, blood clothing, egg shell formation and so on.  Minerals include calcium, iron, phosphorus, iodine, potassium and others.
5. Vitamins:  These are required for proper growth and development of animal.   They help to keep the animal healthy.  Examples are vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K.
6. Water:  This is constituent of body fluid.  It helps to regulate body temperature, digest (breakdown) food and lubricate joints.

WEEK 4

FACTORS TO CONSIDER BEFORE DESIDING ANIMAL FEED LECTURE NOTE

1. The physiological state of the animals whether for pregnant, dry or lactating or young animals.
2. The availability of the feed stuff
3. The composition of the nutrients
4. The age of the animals
5. The familiarity of the feed to animal
6. Palability of the feed.
7. The cost of feed stuff.

WEEK 5

DISEASES OF FARM ANIMALS

Meaning of Diseases

A disease is nay abnormality in health.  It is a deviation from the normal functioning of any part of the animal body.  Disease may manifest in form of infection, irritation or unfavourable condition.  Hence, a diseased animal cannot perform the normal body processes.  Disease results in ill health which may result in death.

Types of Diseases

A sick or diseased animal will show some or all the following signs.

1. Loss of appetite;
2. High temperature;
3. Persistent coughing;
4. Sluggishness;
5. Watery, smelling or blood stained feaces;
6. Discharge from the eyes, mouth, nostril or anus;
7. Rough skin
8. Dropping of tail or wings in birds;
9. Emaciation;
10. Death.

Disease could be categorized into two.  These are:-

1. Infectious Disease:-  Infectious disease are the disease which can affect an animal without the animal coming in contact with the infected animal or infected materials.  They are transmitted through the air, water, dust or other agents.  Examples of contagious diseases are anthrax, fowl typhoid, conccidiosis and new castle disease
2. Contagious Disease:-  These disease can only affect an animal by physical contact with an infected animal. Examples of contagious diseases are foot and mouth disease, mastitis and contagious bovine abortion.

Animals can contact disease through the following:

1. Air.
2. Contaminated feed and water.
3. Dropping or feaces or infected animals
4. Infected feeding materials e.g. water troughs, feed troughs and others.
5. Insect vectors.

WEEK 6

Common Disease of Farm Animals

The common disease of farm animals include the following

Cattle

1. Foot and mouth disease
2. Rinder pest
3. Anthrax
4. Brucellosis or contagious bovine abortion
5. Mastitis
6. Tuberculosis
7. Trypanosomiasis
8. Heart water disease
9. Babesiosis or Tick-borne fever
10. Kirchi (Cowpox or streptothricosis)

Sheep and goats

1. Blue tongue
2. Kata (stomatitis or pseudorinderpest)
3. Contagious ethyma or dermatitis
4. Foot rot

Pigs (swine)

1. Swine fever
2. Swine erysipelas (Diamond skin disease)
3. Contagious abortion of swine
4. Transmissible gastoententis (TGE)
5. Roundworm infection (Nemathelminthes)

Rabbits

1. Sore  hock
2. Mange
3. Bloat
4. Coccidiosis

Poultry

1. New castle disease
2. Fowl pox
3. Fowl typhoid
4. Coccidiosis
5. Chronic respiratory disease (CRD)

Table showing common disease of farm animal

Name of disease	Causal organism (agent)	Animal affected	Symptoms	Mode of transmission	Body area affected	Effects	Treatments	Prevention on and control measures
Foot and mouth	Virus	Cattle	High feverLoss of appetiteBlisters or sores on the muzzle (lips), tongue, cheek, udder and feetWeakness and lamenessExcessive salivation and foaming	By contact with infected animals, contaminated feed.	Legs	Serious loss of animals (death)	No effective treatment	Vaccination to prevent the diseaseIsolation of diseased animalsSlaughter and bury infected animals
Rinderpest or cattle plague	Virus	Cattle can also affect sheep, goat and pigs	High fever (rise in temperatureLoss of appetiteBlood stained diarrheaDifficulty in breathing Grinding	Eating contaminated food.Contact with infected animals	Entire body	High rate of animals	No treatment	Vaccination to prevent the disease Isolation of infected animalsQuarantineKill and bury diseased animals

WEEK 7

COMMON DISEASES OF FARM ANIMALS

Name of disease	Causal organism (agent)	Animal affected	Symptoms	Mode of transmission	Body area affected	Effects	Treatments	Prevention on and control measures
Anthrax	Bacteria	Ruminants (cattle, sheep and goat)	High feverConvulsionIncreased breathing rateBlack or blood stained discharge from mouth, eyes, nostrils etc.Sudden death Welling out of neck, abdomen after death	Contact with infected animals and their products	Whole body	Sudden death of animals (sometimes without symptoms	If symptoms are noticed early, treat with antibiotics.	VaccinationIsolation and slaughter of diseased animals should be burnt and buried.
Brucellosis (contagious bovide abortion	Bacteria	Cattle pigs	Inflammation of uterus and mammary glandsAbortion or pregnancy at 5th – 7th month as still birthRetention of after birth	Direct contact with:Infected after birth Foetal fluid or aborted fetusesCoition with infected bull.Contaminated feed or pasture	Foetus (pregnancy)	Loss of foetusLow rate of productionIt is zoonotic (i.e. it can affect human beings).	No effective treatment	VaccinationReport any occurrent to veterinary doctor
Trypano somiasis (nagana)	Protozoa (trypanosoms)	Cattle	Severe anaemia Intermittent feverGeneral weaknessHairs on tail often pull-outStaggeringDeath	By tse-tse fly	The brain	Drop in the level of productionDeath of animals	Use drugs such as Babesin, Bayer 2005 etc.	Use insecticide to kill vectors (tse-tse fly)Good sanitation such as cleaning and burning of bush.
Bloat	Nutritional disorder	Ruminants (cattle, goat, sheep and rabbit)	Diarrhea Prof use salivationSwollen stomachVomitingDifficulty in breathDeath	Feeding on immature pasture	Stomach	Swollen stomach and digestive tract	Use defoaming agents such as groundnutPass a large tube into stomach to remove obstacle causing obstruct	Do not graze animals on immature pastureFeed high protein supplements or feeds.

WEEK 8

COMMON DISEASES OF FARM ANIMALS

Name of disease	Causal organism (agent)	Animal affected	Symptoms	Mode of transmission	Body area affected	Effects	Treatments	Prevention on and control measures
Mastitis	Bacteria	Ruminants may affect pigs	Swollen underHigh temperatureDischarge of pus from the udderYellowish smelling milk	Through injury especially on the teat	Udder	Drop in milk yield	Injection of antibiotics Massaging the mammary gland after injection	Good sanitationClean milking practice to avoided injuryKeeping the udder dry
Krchi (cowpox or streptothricosis	Bacteria	Ruminatns and igs	High lesionIrritationLoss of hairSwollen udder	Direct contact with infected animals	Skin	Poor production of hair and milk	Treatment of wounds with tetracy cline capsules	Regular bathing Disinfect and feeding and milking equipment Vaccination on slaughter and bury infected animals
Swine fever	Virus	Pigs	High temperatureLost of appetiteDiarrohoeaBluish discoloration at the ears, legs and snouth	Contact with infected pig	Whole body	Death of animals	No successful treatment, no available vaccine
New castle disease (fowl plague)	Virus	Poulty	Sudden death without symptomsBreathing difficultyLoss of weightWatery greenish diarrheaDiarrheaCircling movement	Air borne spreadContaminated vaccine and equipement Infected birds	Nervous systemRespiratory tract	Loss of poultry birds	No effective treatment	Quarantine VaccinationSanitation

WEEK 9

COMMON DISEASES OF FARM ANIMALS

Name of disease	Causal organism (agent)	Animal affected	Symptoms	Mode of transmission	Body area affected	Effects	Treatments	Prevention on and control measures
Fowl pox	Virus	Poultry	Blisters on comble, wattle and feedLoss of weightReduced egg production	Bitting insects	Comb	Light weight poultry birds Low e.g. production	Use of antibiotics	Vaccination on and sanitationCulling of diseased birds
Coccidiosis	Protozoa	Poultry, rabbits	Blood stained dropping or feacesLoss of weight DiarrhoeaRuffle feathers	Feeding of infected feed, water and infected feaces	Digest ice tract	Reduced egg productionDeath of animal	Use of sulphur drugs	Good sanitationUse of coccidiotic tabletsDisinfect poultry houses before stocking
Chronic respiratory disorder (CRD)	Myuco plasma (virus like microbe)	Poultry	Nasal dischargeSwollen faceBreathing difficultryLoss of weight	Breathing in of virus from contaminated feed, water or urine and	Air sac	Loss of birds	Use of antibiotics	Sanitation Good ventilationAvoid use of dust litter
Mange	Lice	Rabbit	Loss o hair		Skin		Dusting with chemical	Dust with powder Good sanitation