Social Studies Lesson Note JSS2 (Basic 8) Third Term

Social Studies Topics for Secondary School (Basic 8) – Edudelight lesson note

 THIRD TERM SCHEME OF WORK FOR JSS2

SOCIAL STUDIES

WEEKS	TOPICS
1	Revision of last term work
2	Science & Technology and society – meaning, importance
3	Science, Technology and society – types of traditional science and technology, some traditional science and technology influence by socialization.
4	Science and technology III – Home appliances, uses and dangers
5	Science and technology breakdown of appliances, correct ways of using appliances.
6	Assertiveness – meaning of assertiveness, aggressiveness, passive and manipulation
7	National Economy – Savings and ways of saving. Traditional method of saving, modern method of saving, reasons for saving
8	National Economy – keeping money in the bank
9.	National Economy – communication, meaning of communication, types and roles of communication
10	Finding Help – meaning, situation when people need help. People can help.
11	Skills necessary while seeking help. Skills necessary for others to help
12	REVISION
13	EXAMINATION

WEEK ONE: REVISION OF LAST TERM WORK

WEEK TWO

TOPIC: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY – MEANING AND IMPORTANCE

CONTENT:

The word Science comes from Latin word “Scientia” meaning knowledge.

Science has been defined as a branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of facts or truths systematically arranged showing operation of general laws.

It has also been described as a systematized knowledge derived from observation. Study and experimentation carried out in order to determine the nature or principles of what is being studied.

Technology is an aspect of knowledge that deals with the creation, use of technical means and their interrelation with life and society.

In other words, it is the application of scientific principle and findings to produce materials that makes life more comfortable.

ASPECTS OF SCIENCE

Aspects of science involve the following:

1. Defining a problems: In science the first step is to identify a problem that needs solution. i.e. an event, occurrence or action of both animate and inanimate objects.

2. Observation: An essential aspect of science is observation. It is the basis of experimentation from observation further information and data can be gathered.

3. Experimentation: It involves the process of testing a hypothesis. Hypothesis is a statement expressing an idea which may be true or false until it is tested or proved.

TECHNOLOGY

Technology is the application of scientific principle and funding’s to solve human problems in order to make life more comfortable.

The level of methodology differs from country to country. Most advanced countries of the world have very high technology while the under developing ones have very low technology.

Technology dictates the level of development of a nation.

IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.

Science and technology are important in so many ways

1. Improvement in standard of living e.g. provision of goods and service such as stove, gas, cooker and electric cookers have replaced cooking by fire wood which is more strenuous.
2. Easy transportation: science and technology has provided easy transportation like cars, trailers, aeroplanes, ships etc. instead of foot, canoes and use of animals.
3. Increase in food production: there has been a rapid production of food due to the influence of science and technology. They have provided better machines and tools for agricultural activities.
4. Improvement in communication: it is easier to disseminate information due to the invention of radio, television, telephones, cell phones, internet has improved communication world-wide.
5. Improvement in health care services: science and technology has provided man with equipment and drugs which helps in curing disease that were incurable for many years ago. This helps in increasing life expectancy as many lives are saved from death .
6. Increase in employment: more jobs are created as new industries are set up. Many jobs has been provided through the  invention of various kinds of computers

Assignment:

1. Explain the term ‘science’ and differentiate between science and technology.
2. Mention and explain the three aspects of science.
3. State three importance of science and technology.

Social Studies Topics for Secondary School (Basic 8) – Edudelight lesson note

WEEK THREE

TOPIC: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN TRADITIONAL  SOCIETY.

CONTENT:

Traditional society refers to permission society this means the Nigeria.

Society that existed before modern civilization came such society had the following features.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TRADITION SOCIETY.

1. Their major occupation was agriculture.
2. There were so many superstition beliefs, taboos etc.
3. There was high level of illiteracy.
4. Works were done or carried out by hands. No machines
5. People depended mainly on herbs for medication.

TYPES OF TRADITIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

The following are various forms of traditional and science and technology.

1. IRON ORE SMELTING: This technology is used to produce farm implements such as hoes, cutlass, etc.
2. CONVERSION OF ANIMAL SKIN: Skins of animals such as goats, snake, leopard etc. are processed and used in producing shoes, scandals, cloths, praying mats, sheath, bags etc.
3. WOOD CARVING TECHNOLOGY: Wood is carved to make images which are used for decoration, musical instruments, wooden spoons, mortal and pestles
4. MEDICINES: The traditional society has a way of producing drugs by putting herbs or roots together. These drugs are in curing ailment whether simple or chronic.

SOME WAY TRADITIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGIES INFLUNCE MODERNIZATION:

1. BUILDING OF HOUSES: Modern technology has improved the traditional building by providing materials. Such as cement, paint, modern roofing sheets.
2. HERBAL MEDICINES: Modern technology has helped in processing leaves and roots to convert them to capsules, tablet and syrups. This helps in determining the dosage and prevent overdose.  
3. FOOD PRESERVATION: Modern technology has provided modern equipment that are used for preserving food i.e. refrigerator, fried etc.
4. COOKING UTENSILS: Modern technology has provided aluminium pots, spoons etc. to replace clay pot while blender replace grinding stone.
5. Cooking gadgets: The use of fire woods as the only source of energy in cooking has been replace with stove hot plates and many others.

INFLUENCE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ON THE SOCIETY

1. Health care
2. Education
3. Information and communication
4. Business activities
5. Agricultural activities
6. Transportation
7. Construction

EFFECTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ON THE SOCIETY:

1. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: Machines generally uses fuel which makes the produce fumes. The fumes which where in form of smoke pollute the air through carbon- monoxide. Wastes from industries which air released into water destroy land surface rendering them useless for farming purpose.
2. ACCIDENTS: Lives have been lost through many accident from vehicles, trains, air craft etc. all these and many are the products of science and technology.
3. JOBLESSNESS: Many workers have lost their jobs due to introduction of modern machines in industries and offices many typist lost their jobs when computer were introduced.

Assignment:

1. In what five ways have science and technology influenced the society.
2. Mention five ways in which science and technology has been misused.

Social Studies Topics for Secondary School (Basic 8) – Edudelight lesson note

WEEK FOUR

TOPIC HOME APPLIANCE

CONTENT:

MEANING OF HOME APPLIANCES:

Home appliances are electrical machines provided by technology to make the performance of house hold functions easier, faster and more enjoyable.

Such household functions include cooking, cleaning, washing etc.

TYPES OF HOME APPLIANCES AND THEIR USES.

1. ELECTRIC IRON: This is used in smoothing washed and dried clothes. It makes the cloth to be neat. The heat destroys any germs in cloth which may affect our skin.
2. ELECTRIC STOVE: Electric stove is a domestic appliance which provides heat through electricity for cooking purpose. It is used mainly for cooking.
3. ELECTRIC KETTLE: An electric kettle is an electric devices which produces heat for boiling water. It is used for boiling water.
4. MICROWAVE OVENS: This is a kitchen appliance that heat food through electric heating. It is used in heating food quickly and efficiently.
5. REFRIGERATOR: This is an appliance used I cooling food, drinks. It is used for cooling and preservation purpose.
6. WASHING MACHINE: This is a machine used in washing clothes, towels and bed sheets.
7. BLENDER: This is an electric device used in making ingredient. It is used in blending ingredient like pepper, tomatoes, and vegetables into liquids. It is also used in breaking edible seeds like ogbolo seed, egusi seed, etc. into powder or paste.

Assignment

1. Explain home appliances.
2. Mention five home appliances and their uses.

Social Studies Topics for Secondary School (Basic 8) – Edudelight lesson note

WEEK FIVE

TOPIC: DANGERS IN WRONG USE OF APPLIANCES

CONTENT:

1. IT CAN CAUSE FIRE OUT BREAKS: This may occur of two exposed cables of the appliance touch each other. Fire could occur where the appliance is not switched off after use or during power cut. Many house have been burnt down through such an carelessness in using boiling ring, electric iron etc.

2. INJURY: Improper handling of home appliance could lead to burns, fracture and dislocation through electric shock or scald from hot water.

3. DEATH: Life could be lost through electric shock and fire out breaks etc.

4. MALFUNCTIONING OF THE APPLIANCE: When the appliances are not properly used as specified in the manual, it may likely develop fault which may render it useless until it is repaired or replaced.

CORRECT WAYS OF USING ELECTRICAL APPLIANCE:

1. Read the manual or user’s guides thoroughly before usage
2. Consult someone who has used a similar gadget for initial instruction on proper usage.
3. Maintain it regularly.
4. Care for the appliances
5. All repairs should be done by professionals.
6. Do not use any of the gadget, if you feel it is unsafe to do so.
7. Ensure the gadget is switched off after use and during power cut gage.

Assignment:

1.       State three danger of wrong use of home appliances.

2.       Mention five ways in which wrong use of home appliances can be corrected.

WEEK SIX

TOPIC: ASSERTIVENESS

Assertiveness is the process of communicating one’s feeling and needs without violating the right of others.

Differences between assertiveness and aggressiveness, passiveness and manipulation

ASSERTIVENESS: means to show a strong and confident feeling and follow through them.

 AGGRESSIVENESS: means being violent, rude, and abusive and dis respectful.

 PASSIVENESS means expressing one’s need so weekly that it will neither be understood nor addressed and manipulation involves pretending everything is alright and trying to get what you want in double ways.

Assignment

How can a person communicate his or her feelings to another without hurting?

WEEK SEVEN

TOPIC: NATIONAL ECONOMY – SAVING AND WAYS OF SAVING

CONTENT:

MEANING OF SAVINGS:

Saving refer to the process of keeping part of income earned and valuable such as jewellery and certificate for future use.

REASONS FOR SAVINGS

People save for following reasons:

1.TO PREPARE FOR OLD AGE:  Many people that are inactive service now save for the time of old age, when they will not be strong enough to work or even or even earn income.

2. FOR FUTURE INVESTMENT: Those people who have intention of setting up small scale business in future can be setting aside money from their present income.

3. TO ACCUMULATE WEALTH:  Some people save for the sake of keeping their money and increase their wealth.

4. FOR EMERGENCIES:  People may save to meet unseen event or circumstances.

5. FOR SECURITY PURPOSE:  Many people save money or keep their valuable in the bank due to insecurity in their house and offices.

6. TO SECURE LOAN:  Many people save in co-operative society for this reasons e.g. Micro finance bank etc.

7. FUTURE PERSONAL PROJECT:  This include building of houses; buying of cars etc.

WAYS OF SAVING IN THE PAST

1. Digging the grounds
2. In the clay pot
3. Entrusted with money keepers
4. Keeping money with relations
5. Keeping money on the roof
6. Box —– this box is made with wood or clay. They were usually called (Kolo bank) by little culture.

MODERN WAYS OF SAVING

• Banks
• Co-operative societies
• Insurance companies
• Buying of treasury bills
• Buying stocks
• Contributions
• Daily contributions

MEANING OF BANK

A bank is a financial institution established for safe keeping of money valuables and provision of other financial services.

TYPES OF BANK:

1. THE CENTRAL BANK: This is a bank that controls the activities of all banks in a country. The Central bank act as government bank, issues of currencies, control interest rates, grants loan to other banks and acts as controller to all other banks.

2. COMMERCIAL BANK: These includes all banks that deals directly with individual they help in safe keeping of money, valuables and important documents.

They also provide loan to individual and render other financial services to individual and co-operative organisation. Examples of Commercial banks are: Zenith Bank, Guarantee Trust Bank (GTB), First bank, United bank of Africa (UBA) etc. All Micro finance banks also fall under commercial banks.

Assignment:

1.  Mention three methods of savings in the past and three methods of savings in the modern days.

2.  Define bank and explain the importance of modern day banking.  

 

Social Studies Topics for Secondary School (Basic 8) – Edudelight lesson note

WEEK EIGHT

TOPIC: KEEPING MONEY IN THE BANK

CONTENT:

ADVANTAGES OF KEEPING MONEY IN THE BANK:

1.  ACCESS TO LOAN FACILITIES: Bank customers who operate a current account have access to loans in the bank.

2.  EASY ACCESS TO OR WITHDRAWAL OF MONEY: With the Automated Teller Machine (ATM) bank customers can withdraw their money any time of the day.

3.  PREVENTS RISK OF THEFT OR LOSS: Money kept in the bank are safe from being stolen by thieves or armed robbers.

4.  PREVENTS RECKLESS SPENDING: By saving money in the bank one is forced to carefully spend whatever is left with him.

5.  CUSTOMERS RECEIVE INTEREST.

SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF SAVING MONEY IN THE BANK:

1.  PUBLIC ENLIGHTENMENT: The Central Bank should launch more on educating the public on the advantages of saving money in the bank. Also the customers should be trained on how to manage and monitor their account to avoid being victims of fraud.

2.  PATIENCE AND ENDURANCE: Customers should learn to be patient with bank officials to get the best of their services.

3.  ESTABLISHMENT OF MORE BRANCHES: Banks should endeavour to create more branches of their banks to decongest banking halls.

4.  MAINTENANCE OF GADGETS: If there is constant maintenance and servicing of gadgets like the ATM and computers used in the banks, they will function more efficiently.

5.  PUNISHMENT FOR FRAUDSTERS: Banks should ensure that anyone caught and arrested for fraud should be handed over to the people concerned for severe punishment.

Assignment:

1.  State two advantages of keeping money in the bank.

2.  Explain three solutions to problems faced with keeping money in the bank.

Social Studies Topics for Secondary School (Basic 8) – Edudelight lesson note

WEEK NINE

TOPIC: NATIONAL ECONOMY COMMUNICATION

CONTENT:

Communication is the process of sending out information by in individual to another. It is also the means of exchanging information or message among the people in the society.

METHODS OF COMMUNICATION:

1. Traditional method
2. Modern method.

TRADITIONAL METHOD OF COMMUNICATION:

People in different societies in Nigeria communicate through any of the following means:

• Drum i.e. talking drum
• Use of town crier
• The use of gun shots
• Use of objects of symbol
• Use of Gong and flute

MODERN METHODS OF COMMUNICATION

1.NEWSPAPER/MAGAZINE:  The punch, the guardian, the nation and many others. The weekly news magazine in Nigeria, include Tell, The News etc.

2. THE TELEPHONE: Telephone was invented by Alexandra G. Bell. It is one of the modern ways of communication. The use of mobile phone is very popular in our modern days. Among the service providers in Nigeria are: Airtel, MTN, Globacom, Starcom, Etisalat etc.

3. RADIO:  Radio is the most popular and the fastest means of sending messages to large number of people in a country Nigeria station apart from federal radio cooperation of Nigeria station. Various states and many individual also have Radio stations among such radio stations are Raypower radio, Lagos radio, WAZOBIA plus radio, Radio continental, Gateway radio etc.

4.POSTAL SYSTEM:  E.g. NIPOST, DHL, UPS and so on. This is done by writing letter and sending it to the postal agencies. However, sending letter through post offices becoming unpopular in Nigeria because of the other better means such as E-mail, Landline and global system of mobile tele communication (GSM).

5. THE INTERNET: Internet comprises of inter connected computer network. Through the internet, personal and business letters document can be sent and received within few second.

Assignment:

1.       Define  communication and mention the two methods of communication.

2.       Mention and explain five modern and traditional method of communication.

WEEK TEN

TOPIC: FINDING HELP

CONTENT:

Finding help entails providing or seeking assistance a support in order to find a remedy or relief from a problem  to make a situation more bearable.

SITUATION WHEN PEOPLE NEED HELP:

The following are some of the situations when people need help

1. Period of disaster
2. When entering into a new relationship
3. During emotional disturbances
4. Constant failure in examination
5. When deserted or rejected by close friends due to physical disability resulting from accident
6. Unwanted pregnancy
7. Need to break a bad habit e.g. smoking, taking hand drugs etc.
8. Need to come out of a bad group or unprofitable friendship

PEOPLE WHO CAN HELP

• Parents / guardians and other family members
• Counsellors
• Religious leaders e.g. Pastors, Imam etc.
• Health practitioners
• Teachers
• Social workers
• Community members
• Specialized institutions

Law enforcement agencies trusted experienced adults.

SKILLS NECESSARY WHEN SEEKING HELP

1. Good communication skills
2. Assertiveness
3. Counselling
4. Follow up

SKILLS NECESSARY WHEN HELPING OTHERS

1. Conducive atmosphere: There should be sure of friendship and security
2. Good listening habit. Make sure you understand what has been said.
3. Empathy: put yourself in the persons position and share his/her feelings.
4. Non – judgement: do not put yourself in the position of a judge
5. Follow up: take necessary action

 STEPS TO TAKE WHEN HELP IS NEEDED

1. Identify the concern
2. Recognise that help is needed
3. Keep calm, stay focused
4. Look for a trusted adult
5. Wait for assistance to be provided
6. Try to inform your parent or guardian if possible seek for help in the company of trusted adults.

CHARACTERISTICS OF AGENCIES THAT PROVIDE HELP

• They do not require parental permission
• There must be privacy and confidentiality
• The cost is little or free
• They have specialized services in the areas for which help is needed

HINDRANCES TO FINDING HELP FOR YOUNG PEOPLE

• Ignorance
• Non – conducive environment
• Lack of adequate knowledge about available services
• Fear of adults
• Inaccessibility of services.

Assignment

1.       Explain how people can receive help.

2.       Mention five  situations when people need help.

3.       Mention three agencies that provide help that you know.

4.       What  are the steps to take when a help is needed?

Social Studies Topics for Secondary School (Basic 8) – Edudelight lesson note